低事件率效应的机制与对策

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	低事件率效应的机制与对策
其他题名	The mechanism and countermeasures of low prevalence effect
	王陵宇
	2015-05
摘要	在视觉搜索任务中，极少出现的目标，其漏报率显著增多的现象，称为低事件率效应。X光行李安检具有事件率极低的特点，低事件率效应可能是这种任务中漏报率较高的原因之一。因而，阐明低事件率效应的产生机制对于提高 X 光行李安检工作绩效具有重要的意义。目前，关于低事件率效应产生的原因，主要有两种观点，一是优势反应抑制失败的观点，另一种是多重决策模型的观点。从信息加工的角度看，这两种观点并不是互斥的，而是从信息加工的不同阶段对低事件率效应做出解释。尽管已有研究已经探讨了多种因素对低事件率效应的影响，但有些实验结果并不一致。另外有一些因素在以往的研究中还未涉及，需要进一步考察它们的作用。因此，本文在前人研究的基础上，继续深入探讨低事件率效应的产生机制，并探索应对其不良影响的有效措施。本文依据人类信息加工模型和视觉搜索阶段模型，分别采用行为学方法和眼动追踪技术，对模拟 X 光安检任务中的低事件率效应的产生机制展开研究。在研究一中，依据人类信息的加工模型，将视觉搜索任务视为一个连续的多阶段的信息加工过程。针对影响这一过程的各种因素，如时间压力、显示形式、目标类型、反应方式和奖惩措施等，分别探讨了它们对低事件率效应的影响。研究二通过眼动追踪技术，记录眼动数据，依据 Kundel 等人提出的视觉搜索的四阶段模型，将漏报错误进行归类分析，揭示漏报错误产生的原因。结果表明：（1）高时间压力和双目标搜索会显著增加模拟 X 光安检任务中的漏报错误率；没有目标不按键的反应方式可以显著降低甚至消除低事件率效应；在没有时间压力的条件下，奖惩措施可以显著减小低事件率效应；（2）漏报错误的眼动分析发现，低事件率条件下，扫描错误导致的漏报错误显著多于高事件率条件。基于以上结果，本文认为低事件率效应产生于视觉搜索信息加工的多个阶段，一方面是源自优势反应抑制失败导致的动作错误，另一方面则源于低事件率条件下判断标准和终止搜索阈限的变化。扫描错误是低事件率条件下漏报错误显著多于高时间率时的主要原因。
其他摘要	In visual search, rare targets are missed disproportionately often. This phenomenon is known as the low prevalence effect. Rare target is one of the characteristics of X-ray baggage screening, which may lead to the high miss error rate in this task. Therefore, it is of importance to clarify the mechanism of low prevalence effect for improving the performance in X-ray luggage screening. At present, there are two main accounts for the low prevalence effect: one is the failure of inhibition of dominant response; the other is the viewpoint of multiple decision model. From the perspective of information processing, these two views are not mutually exclusive, but from the different stages of information processing to explain the low prevalence effect. Although some studies have discussed the effect of many factors on the low prevalence effect, some results are not inconsistent. Besides, there are other factors which are not involved in the past research and need to examine their effects. Therefore, based on the previous research, this paper will continue to examine the mechanism of low prevalence effect, and explore the effective measures to counteract the adverse effects. According to the model of human information processing and visual search stage model respectively, the mechanism of low prevalence effect in the simulated X-ray luggage screening task was studied by behavioral approach and eye tracking technology. In Study 1, according to the human information processing model, visual search task was considered as a continuous multi-stage of information processing. The effects of various factors affecting the process on the low prevalence effect, such as time pressure, display pattern, target type, reaction mode and payoff matrix, were examined respectively. In Study 2, the eye tracking technology was used to analyze the cause of miss errors in the low prevalence condition. The eye movement data were recorded. According to the four stages model of visual search, proposed by Kundel et al. (1978), miss errors were classified to the corresponding stage of visual search. The results showed that: (1) high time pressure and dual-target search significantly increased the miss error rate in the simulated X-ray luggage screening task; the response mode of no target no response markedly reduced or even eliminated the low prevalence effect; in the no time pressure condition, the reward significantly reduced the low event rate effect; (2) according to the eye movement analysis of miss errors, the miss errors resulting from scanning errors in low prevalence condition were significantly more than those in high prevalence condition. Based on the above results, this paper argues that low prevalence effect occurs in multiple stages of information processing in visual search. One is resulted from the motor errors which are caused by the failure of inhibition of dominant response, on the other hand, is derived from the criterion shift and quitting search threshold drop. The scanning errors are the main reason for the more miss errors in low prevalence condition than those in high prevalence condition.
学科领域	应用心理学
关键词	低事件率效应模拟 X光安检任务视觉搜索反应方式奖惩措施
学位类型	博士
语种	中文
学位专业	心理学
学位授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
学位授予地点	北京
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/19713
专题	社会与工程心理学研究室
作者单位	中国科学院心理研究所
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	王陵宇. 低事件率效应的机制与对策[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院,2015.

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