客体对基于特征注意的影响

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	客体对基于特征注意的影响
其他题名	The Influence of Object on Feature-based Attention
	殷乐
	2016-05
其他摘要	对于我们如何选择环境中的视觉信息进行加工，一直存在很多不同的观点。例如，有部分研究发现注意选择是受由自上而下的任务目标调控的。因此与目标属性相匹配的无关刺激可以捕获注意，而与目标属性不匹配的刺激不能捕获注意，这种现象被称为基于属性特征的注意。而另一些研究发现我们对视觉刺激能否快速的反应是取决于注意的初始位置和目标刺激是否存在于同一客体中。当在同一客体时，人对目标刺激的反应会快于当它们存在不同的客体时，这种现象被称为基于客体的注意。以往对这两种注意选择单独进行大量实验研究，但是从现有文献来看，把两者结合起来的研究还很少，因此本研究致力于研究视场中的知觉客体对基于特征的注意选择是否具有调控作用。研究一结合了基于颜色特征的空间线索化范式，和基于客体注意的双框范式，通过三个实验探索了视场中的知觉客体对基于颜色特征的注意是否具有影响。实验一首先复制了在突然出现的线索（Onset）条件下基于客体的注意，并以此作为非基于颜色特征条件下基于客体的注意选择的基线水平。在实验一中，在客体突然出现（Onset）的线索条件下，有显著的基于客体注意效应。在实验二中使用了颜色特征的空间线索化范式，结果显示存在基于颜色特征的注意捕获，但是没有发现基于客体的注意效应。实验三则用目标颜色标注框型客体，以突显客体的效果。结果仍然和实验二一样，仅存在基于颜色特征的注意捕获，但是没有基于客体的注意效应。这说明颜色特征会有激活和抑制的效应，因此符合目标特征的颜色使得注意集中于目标颜色区域，而且抑制了其他区域的，因此在实验二和实验三中基于客体的注意选择效应不再显著。研究二采用了基于颜色关系的空间线索化范式和双框范式来继续考察视场中的知觉客体对于基于颜色关系的注意捕获的影响。与研究一相比，颜色关系可以强调对整个视场中的颜色比较，从而达到提高客体效应的结果。实验四中采用了两种与目标呈现时关系相同的线索，两种与目标呈现时关系不同的线索。关系相同和关系不同中均有一种包含了目标颜色。结果显示，关系一致与关系不一致的情况下，均呈现了基于客体的注意选择效应。但是并没有基于颜色关系或者颜色特征的注意选择效应。因此在实验五中，减少了线索的种类，仅有一种线索与目标呈现是关系相同，另一种线索与目标呈现关系不同，并且两种线索与目标色均不相同（实验四相比，实验五减少了两种包含目标颜色的线索）。实验五的结果显示，当线索的颜色关系和目标颜色关系相同的情况下，存在基于颜色关系的线索效应和并有微弱的基于客体选择效应趋势；但是对于线索和目标关系不同的情况下，并没有基于颜色关系的线索效应和基于客体选择的效应。研究三采用了颜色Flanker 任务来检验视场中的知觉客体对基于颜色特征的注意的影响。与研究一相比，目标呈现的位置更为固定。研究三包含两个实验，实验六中被试需要判断特定颜色的目标，忽略目标周围的干扰颜色。干扰的彩色字母可能与目标字母在同一客体或者不同客体。结果显示，存在颜色Flanker的效应，且有客体的主效应，但是没有Flanker 和客体的交互作用。在实验七中，实验材料与实验一相同，但是目标变为对中心字母的颜色判断。此时特定颜色不再作为目标。该实验的结果显示，Flanker颜色的效应依旧存在，但是客体影响Flanker 效应的交互作用显著，当干扰的彩色字母和目标字母呈现在同客体上干扰效应会大于干扰的彩色字母和目标字母呈现在不同客体的情况。本文中的三个研究结果显示，客体对基于特征注意的影响作用是变化的，当客体突显，和目标颜色相关，在整个视场内被知觉到的情况下就会对基于特征的注意过程带来一定的影响。但是当颜色特征的指向性增强，非目标颜色存在区域抑制的时候，客体的注意效果就会下降。在注意选择的过程中，客体效应和颜色特征效应是相互独立的过程，却又共同影响我们对信息的接受和选择。 ; There are many different opinions about how we choose the information from the environment. Some studies showed that attention is under the top-down control, and the capture of attention is driven by the feature matched stimulus. Some other evidence showed that the attention selection depends on whether the initial attention and the stimulus are in the same object. The reaction time is shorter when the initial attention and the stimulus are in the same object than when they are not. The previous one is called feature-based attention, and the other is object-based attention. They are both existed in attention selection system. There were a lot of studies worked on the feature-based attention and the object- based attention. However, few studies have examined the interaction between feature-based and object-based attention. Therefore, the current study will devote to find out the influence of object-based attention by feature-based attention. In the first study, we combined the spatial pre-cuing paradigm and the double-rectangle cuing paradigm, and three behavioral experiments were conducted to explore whether feature-based attentional facilitation can spread along an object. Experiment 1 showed that attentional facilitation by an onset cue extended along the object, thus providing a baseline level of object-based attention. Experiment 2 include three parts, which add the contingent cuing paradigm into the baseline level. For Experiment 2A only found out the cueing effect. Experiment 2B exclude the singleton search and found that the non-predictive color-matched cue involuntarily captured attention, but the feature-based facilitation did not spread along the cued rectangle. Experiment 2C increased the validity for the color-matched cue and showed that the color-matched cue can also voluntarily guide attention. However, feature-based facilitation still did not spread along the cued rectangle. Furthermore, when the two rectangles were also colored either the same as the target or not, feature-based facilitation still did not spread along the cued rectangle in Experiment 3. In the second study, two experiments were conducted to explore whether feature- based facilitation did spread along the cued rectangle. We combined with the color- relation feature and the classical double rectangles paradigm. Compare with the first study the cueing relation is more rely the global background which may enhance object effect. The results of Experiment 4 showed that reaction time of the target shown at same object were faster than the different object. However, both the same color-relation and the different color-relation cue has the similar pattern. The Experiment 5 simplified the cueing types, and the result showed that neither object-based attention nor color- relation capture exist. In the third study, we use the flanker task to examine the influence of object-based attention by feature-based attention. In this study, target location is fixed in the center. Flanking distractor letters were also present in the displays, sometimes within the same rectangle as the target and sometimes within a different rectangle. As expected, the flanking distractors interfered with the response when they were near the target. In this study we use flanker color to be the distractor. Experiment 6 found that when search a target color, there was no object effect exist. However, when ignore the color only response the letter the result showed the object effect in Experiment 7. The present dissertation investigates the relation between the feature-based and object-based attention from three different studies, and try to reveal the nature and cognitive mechanisms of attention selection. These results suggest that feature-based facilitation is independent from object-based selection. This dissertation enriches the theoretical researches of attention selection, and provides some perspectives on this topic.
学科领域	应用心理学
关键词	基于特征的注意捕获基于客体的注意捕获基于关系的注意捕获 Flanker 任务双框线索范式空间线索范式
学位类型	博士
语种	中文
学位专业	心理学
学位授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
学位授予地点	北京
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	https://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/19819
专题	社会与工程心理学研究室
作者单位	中国科学院心理研究所
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	殷乐. 客体对基于特征注意的影响[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院,2016.

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