Exploring the fair behavior using economic games is becoming a hot topic in fair behavior research. The representative economic games are the ultimatum game developed by Guth et al in 1982 and the dictator game modified on the basis of ultimatum game. The behavioral results indicated that fairness existed in decision making in economic games and human decision making in economic games were not totally complying with the principle of maximization of rewards. This study explored the proposer’s fair behavior in economic games from the perspective of individual difference, emotion influence and the neural basis. From the perspective of individual difference, we found that the proposer’s fair behavior was influenced by rational thinking style, social value orientation and the social axiom. Furthermore, we found by comparison between young and old people that the high rational college students made more DG offers than the low rational college students, while the high experiential elders made more UG offers than low experiential elders. The social complexity of social axiom dimension and social value orientation can predict college students DG offer. While the religiosity can predict college students UG offer. And the fate control can predict elders’ UG and DG offer. From the emotion influence perspective, we found the interaction of emotion and social identity of responders on UG and DG offer. The negative emotion promoted the proposer to make more UG offers but no significant influence on DG offer when the responder was the kind volunteers. The positive emotion promoted the proposer to make more DG offer but no significant influence on UG offer when the responder was the bad vendors. From the neural basis perspective, we found the similarities and differences between the neural pattern of proposer’s fair behavior and responder’s fair behavior. The similarities were that insula, prefrontal contex and ACC were activated both in proposer and responder’s fair behavior. However, cognitive control implying in prefrontal cortex has more influence on proposer’s fair behavior while the negative emotion implying in insula influenced more on responder’s fair behavior. Our study also found fairness motivation in economic games was related with medial frontal cortex, parietal cortex.
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