认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

发展性阅读障碍是一种特殊的学习障碍，伴有多种认知缺陷并且存在不同的亚类型。依据相关的阅读模型理论，阅读障碍可划分为语音型和表层型。从认知缺陷角度出发，语音加工缺陷是主要的缺陷表现，以此为特征形成一种主要的阅读障碍的亚类型。同时还有以正字法加工缺陷和快速命名缺陷为主的其他亚类型。而以基本感知觉缺陷为标准，主要有以视觉加工缺陷和以听觉加工缺陷为主的两种亚类型。在汉语条件下，依据同样的阅读模型理论，语音型阅读障碍亚类型比例明显低于拼音文字条件下的。汉语阅读障碍也具有分别以语音加工缺陷、快速命名缺陷和正字法加工缺陷为主要认知缺陷的亚类型。未来有必要从神经机制角度进一步明确不同亚类型的神经基础。

Developmental dyslexia is a kind of learning disability and has various subtypes. According to reading model, children with dyslexia are classified to phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia in alphabetic languages. From the perspective of cognitive deficits, there are phonological processing deficit, orthographic processing deficit and rapid naming deficit. In the three deficits, phonological processing deficit is a main subtype that dyslexics show difficulty in phonological processing. Based on the basic sensory-perceptual processing deficit, some dyslexia can be devided into visual processing deficit subtype and auditory processing deficit subtype. However, the ratio of pho- nological subtype, when classified according to the same reading model in Chinese children with dyslexia, is much lower than that in alphabetic language. Chinese dyslexic children can also be classified to three subtypes including phonological processing deficit, orthographic processing deficit and rapid naming deficit in the light of cognitive deficits. Further studies are highly needed to clarify the neural mechanism of different subtypes in developmental dyslexia.