认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

摘要：目的探讨4~6岁儿童在分配情境下的公平敏感性。方法于2013年4—7月,选取北京市两所普通幼儿园共108例4~6岁儿童进行试验。考察其在匿名、不同成本条件(无成本、低成本、高成本)和不同公平程度(低不公平、高不公平)情境下,同时作为资源分配的决定者和接受者时的公平项选择率。结果在低不公平情境中:无成本时,4岁儿童未显示出对公平的偏好(22/36,P>0.05),5、6岁儿童显示出对公平的偏好(30/36、30/36,P<0.05);低成本时,4、5、6岁儿童均未显示出对公平的偏好(13/36、20/36、22/36,P>0.05);高成本时,4、5岁儿童显示为拒绝公平项(6/36、8/36,P<0.05),6岁儿童未显示出对公平的偏好(17/36,P>0.05)。无成本时,5、6岁儿童公平项选择率高于4岁,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);低成本时,6岁儿童公平项选择率高于4岁,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);高成本时,4、5岁儿童公平项选择率低于6岁,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在高不公平情境中:无成本时,4、5岁儿童未显示出对公平的偏好(22/36、24/36,P>0.05),6岁儿童显示出对公平的偏好(31/36,P<0.05);低成本时,4、5、6岁儿童均未显示出对公平的偏好(16/36、19/36、21/36,P>0.05);高成本时,4岁儿童显示为拒绝公平项(4/36,P<0.05),5、6岁儿童未显示出对公平的偏好(14/36、18/36,P>0.05)。无成本时,6岁儿童公平项选择率高于4、5岁,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);低成本时,4~6岁儿童公平项选择率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);高成本时,4岁儿童的公平项选择率低于5、6岁,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 4~6岁儿童的公平敏感性随年龄增长逐步发展,有无成本、成本大小及不公平程度均对其公平行为存在影响。对公平的偏好和对自我利益的考虑共同决定着儿童的分配决策,随着儿童年龄的增长,对公平的偏好逐渐占主导地位。

Objective To explore the fair sensitivity of children aged 4 to 6 years under allocation situation. Methods In April － July 2013，a total of 108 children aged 4 to 6 years were selected from two ordinary kindergartens in Beijing to explore their rate of selecting fair options both as the decision maker and the recipient of the resource allocation in the case of anonymous，different cost conditions ( no cost，low cost，high cost) and different fairness ( low unfair and highly unfair) ．Ｒesults In the low unfair situation: 4 － year － old children did not show a fair preference at no cost ( 22 /36，P ＞ 0. 05) ，despite 5 － 6 － year － old children showed a fair preference ( 30 /36，30 /36，P ＜ 0. 05) ; children aged 4，5 and 6 did not show a fair preference at low cost ( 13 /36，20 /36，22 /36，P ＞ 0. 05) ; At high cost，children aged 4，5 refused to select the fair options ( 6 /36，8 /36，P ＜ 0. 05) and 6 － year － old children showed no preference for fairness ( 17 /36，P ＞ 0. 05) . When there was no cost，the differences were statistically significant ( P ＜ 0. 05) as the rate of selecting fair options of children aged 5 and 6 was higher than that of 4 － year － old children，respectively; At low cost，children aged 6 had higher rate of selecting fair options than those aged 4 ( P ＜ 0. 05) ; At high cost，the rate of selecting fair options for children aged 4 and 5 was lower than that of 6 years old ( P ＜ 0. 05) . In the highly unfair situation: children aged 4 and 5 did not show a fair preference at no cost ( 22 /36，24 /36，P ＞ 0. 05) ，despite 6 － year － old children showed a fair preference ( 31 /36，P ＜ 0. 05) ; at low cost，children aged 4，5 and 6 did not show a fair preference ( 16 /36，19 /36，21 /36，P ＞ 0. 05) ; At high cost，4 － year － old children refused to select the fair options ( 4 /36，P ＜ 0. 05 ) ，and children aged 5 and those aged 6 did not show a fair preference ( 14 /36，18 /36，P ＞ 0. 05) . When there was no cost，the differences were statistically significant ( P ＜ 0. 05) as the rate of selecting fair options of 6 － year － old children was higher than that of children aged 4 and those aged 5; At low cost，there was no significant difference in the rate of selecting fair options between children aged 4 － 6 years ( P ＞ 0. 05) ; At high cost，4 － year － old children had significantly lower rate of selecting fair options than children aged 5 － 6 ( P ＜ 0. 05 ) ．Conclusion The fair sensitivity of children aged 4 to 6 gradually increases with age. Their fair behavior is affected by the cost and its size and degree of unfairness of the allocation situation. The fair preference and the consideration of self － interest together determine the children' s decision － making of allocation. With the growth of children' s age， the fair preference gradually dominates.