认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

摘要：从自我异常这一概念诞生之初，它就被认为是精神分裂症最基本和最核心的临床表现。从现象学视角来看，主观体验的异常亦是精神分裂症的核心特征。很多研究已经探讨了精神分裂症患者的自我异常，涉及广泛的自我部分，例如自尊、自我概念、自我再认、主导感、自我参照过程等。但是，目前尚无一个得到认可的、全面的精神分裂症与自我异常关系的结论。本研究综合当前哲学、心理学、认知神经科学、精神病学领域关于自我的研究，总结出了自我的主要部分，其中自我参照过程是其核心成分之一。考虑到谱系研究能够帮助更好的理解精神分裂症的病理学，并且为这一疾病的早起识别和干预提供依据，本研究关注了自我参照过程在精神分裂谱系中的行为表现和神经机制。

本研究包括两部分，分别是自我参照过程的在精神分裂症谱系中的行为研究、自我参照过程的在精神分裂症谱系中的神经机制研究。在行为研究中，我们主要采用典型的自我参照效应任务，来探讨精神分裂症谱系中自我参照过程行为表现的缺损情况，以及自知力与自我参照过程是否有关。结果发现精神分裂症患者与健康对照同样表现出了自我参照效应，但是其自我参照效应的程度显著小于健康对照组，表现出了一定程度的自我参照过程损伤。自知力影响了患者自我概念的范围，在自知力保留组中，母亲与自我具有同一层次的记忆水平，显著好于孙中山参照，而在自知力缺损组中，母亲与孙中山具有相同水平的记忆成绩，都差于自我参照刺激，出现了母亲这一概念与自我的分离。在神经机制研究中，我们采用功能核磁共振扫描的方法，探讨了精神分裂症谱系中自我参照过程神经活动的变化。结果发现，精神分裂症患者在所有条件的任务中均表现出了神经活动的增强，但是把自我与他人条件相减的结果进行比较，则是表现出了神经活动的减弱，而分裂型人格倾向组表现出了神经活动的增强。总之，我们的研究发现，精神分裂症患者在行为和神经活动方面均表现出了自我参照过程的缺损。

Abstract：Schizophrenia is associated with changes of self and related disorders. However, theunderlying mechanism of self impairment in schizophrenia is still not fully known. In thisresearch, we reviewed the concept of self from perspectives of psychology,psychiatry and cognitive neuroscience. In particular, we examined self-referential process and how these constructs might relate to schizophrenia. Given that the concept of spectrum can help better understand ofpathology of schizophrenia, and provide relevant information for early detection andprevention of schizophrenia, this research focused on both the behavioral and neuralperformances of self-related process in the schizophrenia spectrum.

In the behaviour study, we used the typical self-reference effect task to examine self-referentialprocess defects in schizophrenia patients and individuals with schizotypal personalityfeatures (SPD). We also explored the relationship between insight and self-reference processin schizophrenia. Results indicated that schizophrenia patients group and healthy controlgroup both showed the self-reference effect. However, the magnitude of self-referenceeffect in schizophrenia patients was significantly less than the healthy control group. Thesefindings suggested that schizophrenia exhibited a certain degree of damage in self-referenceprocess. Insight seemed to be related with the scope of self-concept in schizophrenia, ininsight-reserved group, mother and self-related stimuli have the same level of memoryperformance, both significantly better than Sun Zhongshan related stimuli, while in theinsight defected group, mother and Sun Zhongshan have the comparable level of memoryperformance, both worse than the self-referential stimuli.In the neural mechanism study, we adopted fMRI paradigm to explore the neural responses ofself-referential process in schizophrenia patients and SPD. Schizophrenia patients showedabnormal hyperactivity across the conditions of self-referential process task, but when compared the neural activity by subtracting other condition from self condition, schizophrenia showed abnormal hypoactivity compared with healthy control, while SPD group showed enhanced neural activity when compared self with Sun Zhongshan. Taken together, the findings showed that schizophrenia patients exhibited defect behavioral performance and abnormal neural activity in the self-referential process.