健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

阅读困难(reading disorder, RD)是指特定性阅读技能发育显著损害，并且不能完全归因于智力水平、视力问题或教育不当。阅读理解技能、阅读中单词的辨认、朗读技能，以及完成需有阅读参与作业的能力都可受影响(ICD-10)。Stevenson等人的一项跨国研究发现汉语中同样存在严重的阅读困难问题。

目的:借鉴拼音文字RD的矫治经验，探索汉语RD的矫治程序和心理辅导对矫治效果的影响，并研究阅读能力提高与文化课成绩提高的关系。

方法:由专业人员系统集中矫治29名RD儿童，训练结束后对部分RD儿童进行心理辅导，并全程追踪29名RD儿童的文化课成绩。

结果:

1、进行系统集中矫治能有效改善RD儿童的阅读能力;矫治训练后RD儿童的整体阅读能力与正常儿童相比还有显著差异，各年级的阅读能力均与正常儿童有显著差异。

2、以语音加工为基础的技能训练和附加提升阅读辅助能力和技巧的综合训练，都能有效改善RD儿童的阅读能力，两种训练方案无显著差异。

3、训练效果无性别差异;但有年龄差异。年龄越小效果越好，五年级最佳。

4、以改善音素意识发展不良为主要矫治目标的训练对RD少儿童的矫治是有效的。

5、心理辅导对RD矫治的效果巩固有重要作用，并且矫治的效果所带来的成绩提高能减少心理行为问题的发生;有效减轻RDJ}童的心理行为障碍，并能改善其家庭亲子关系;

6、RD儿童的阅读能力与语文、数学和作文成绩显著相关;儿童阅读能力的提高与数学及作文成绩的提高呈显著正相关，与语文成绩的提高的正相关更为显著。结论:针对性系统集中矫治训练可以有效提升汉语RD儿童的阅读能力、提高其文化课学习成绩;音素意识的发展不良是造成儿童RD的一个重要因素;对RD儿童进行心理辅导不但能增进其心理健康发展、改善家庭亲子关系，且可以对集中矫治训练的成果进行巩固。

Reading disorder(RD) refers to the significant damage in the development of the specific reading skills, and can not be completely attributed to intelligence、vision problems or improper education. Reading comprehension skills、word identification reading, reading skills9 and the operational capability which need reading may be all affected(ICD-10).Stevenson et al. made a crossing country research and found that there was serious RD in Chinese.

Purpose of research : Learning from the experience of RD remediation processing in alphabetic writing, we explored a series of programs to remedy RD in Chinese.

Method: 29 children of RD in Chinese were remedyed by professionals, part of the them are given psychological intervention After training, furthermore, we gathered their marks of foundation courses through the full training period.

Results:

1、Remediation with system and concentrated on RD children by professionals can effectively improve their reading ability. After remediation, there is a significant difference in reading ability of RD children compared with normal children, and in all grades are all the same.

2、One based on phonological processing named skill-training，and another aRD programs with enhancing the assistant ability and skills of reading named synthesized- training Two kinds of training programs was no significant difference in the result of remediation.

3、 The result of remediation has no significant difference in sex; but the significant difference in age. The younger the better, and the best training time used to be the age below the fifth-grade.

4、It is effective in the training for remedying RD children. which main objective is to improve the poorly developed phonemic awareness.

5、 The psychological counselling plays an important role on the consolidating effect of RD remediation, in addition, the increasing of marks be brought by the effect of RD remediation can reduce the occurrence of psychological behavior problems; which also can be effective in reducing children's psychological and behavioral disorder, and improve their families’ parent-child relationship.

6、There is a significant correlation between RD children's reading ability and marks

of Chinese, maths and writing; The improving of RD children's reading ability has a significant positive correlation with the improving of the marks of maths and writing, and a more significant positive correlation with the improving of the marks of Chinese.

Conclusions: The concentrated training with well targeted and systematic can effectively improve Chinese RD children's reading ability, to improve their marks of foundation courses. Poorly developed phonemic awareness is an important factor to create the children's RD. The psychological counselling for RD children can not only improve their mental health, and ameliorate parent-child relationship, but also to consolidate the effect of concentrated training.