社会与工程心理学研究室知识库

创伤给幸存者带来两种反应，一种是创伤后应激障碍形式的负面反应，另一种是创伤后成长形式的积极反应。本研究基于Calhoun和Tedeschi（2006）提出的功能描述模型，探讨创伤后应激障碍和创伤后成长两者之间的关系，以及应对策略与反刍在不同性别之间是如何发挥作用。本研究还旨在了解在PTG发展时不同性别对重要他人反应的看法以及对自我暴露和反刍影响的机制。研究分为两个阶段设计：研究一是定量研究，研究二是定性研究。

研究一采取方便取样方法从北京不同大学招募了420名来华留学生。其中220名为男性参与者，200名为女性参与者。使用创伤性事件问卷（TEQ）、PTSD检查量表公民版（PCLC）、Brief COPE量表、事件相关反刍性沉思量表（ERRI）、创伤后成长量表（PTGI）评估创伤事件、PTSD症状、应对策略、反刍和创伤后成长。量表以册子形式发放。使用SPSS 19、PROCESS 3.1、AMOS 23软件对结果进行分析。分析结果表明PTSD和PTG 呈正相关。应对策略中回避策略、情绪应对策略和问题焦点策略与PTSD和PTD都有显著的正相关。此外，侵入性反刍和主动性反刍分别部分调节了回避策略、情绪应对策略和问题焦点策略与PTSD和PTG之间的关系。当所有变量都加入结构方程模型中后，上述相关依然保持显著。但情绪应对策略和问题解决策略与PTSD相关不再显著，回避策略与PTG有显著的负相关。令人意外的是在本研究中发现主动性反刍与和PTSD有显著的正相关。T检验结果显示没有显著的性别差异。对年龄、宗教、种族、教育状况、婚姻状况等人口学变量进行多群组分析，发现与PTSD没有显著相关，婚姻状况和种族与PTG有显著相关.

研究二采用目的取样方法选取了20名参与者，其中10名男性，10名女性。他们在研究一中创伤后成长量表得分较高，与之联系进行访谈。访谈过程被录音和转录，并使用NVIVO11软件进行内容分析。最终确认了六个主题：重温悲剧性经历、影响分享悲惨经历的因素、重要他人的支持和回应、性别因素的影响、创伤事件后成长以及与应对和恢复重要的其他影响。在参与者的叙述中发现了重要他人对参与者自我暴露和反刍的影响导致PTG的依据。本研究结果证实了回避、情绪和问题焦点的应对策略在PTSD和PTG发展中的重要性。而且，反刍不仅调节回避、问题和情绪焦点策略之间的关系，还受自我暴露和感知他人反应的影响。本研究还强调创伤在非临床人群中普遍存在的事实。样本包括多重创伤和不同种族群体也加深了不同文化信仰和成长的理解。本研究具有临床意义，尽管多重创伤和痛苦的存在，参与者经历了成长。在与受创伤的参与者交谈中，通过关注影响自我暴露和反刍的力量和文化因素，能够增加参与者的成长水平。

Trauma brings two types of reactions in survivors; one is negative in the form of posttraumatic stress disorder, and the other is positive, which is posttraumatic stress growth. This study was based on the functional description model presented by Calhoun and Tedeschi (2006). This study was designed to assess the relationship between the two constructs of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) and how coping strategies and rumination plays the role between different genders. It also aimed to understand the mechanism which underlines in different genders on their perception of significant other responses and its effect on disclosure and rumination in the development of PTG. The study was designed in two-phase: study 1 was quantitative and followed by study 2 which was qualitative in nature.

For the study, one total of 420 international students were selected from the different universities of Beijing by using a convenient sampling method. Two hundred twenty were male participants, and Two hundred were female participants. Traumatic event questionnaire (TEQ), PTSD Check list-Civilian Version (PCL-C), Brief COPE, Event-Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) was used to assess the identification of a traumatic event, PTSD symptoms, coping strategies, rumination and Posttraumatic growth respectively. The scales were presented in the form of a booklet. For analysis of results SPSS 19, PROCESS 3.1 and AMOS version 23 was used. The results of the study indicated the positive relationship between PTSD and PTG. Coping strategies of avoidance coping, emotion coping and problem focused coping had significant positive correlation with both PTSD and PTG. Also Intrusive and deliberate rumination partially mediated the relationship between avoidance focused coping, emotion focused coping, problem focused coping and both PTSD and PTG respectively. This relationship remained significant when all the variables were added in the structural equation modeling. However, relationship of emotion focused and problem focused became insignificant with PTSD; whereas avoidance focused coping had significant negative relationship with PTG. Unexpected significant positive relationship of deliberate rumination with PTSD was found in our study. For gender differences, t-test was performed and no significant gender difference was found in our study. Between-group analysis of variance was used to explore the impact of demographic variables of age, religion, ethnic group, education and marital status on levels of PTSD and PTG. No demographic variable was significant with PTSD but with PTG marital status and ethnicity had significant relationship.

For our second study, 20 participants were selected by using purposive sampling technique. 10 were female participants and 10 were male participants. Those who have higher scores on PTGI inventory on study 1 were contacted for the interview. Interview was taped and transcribed for inductive content analysis. NVIVO 11 was used for the analysis. Total six themes: Reliving the tragic experience, Factors influencing sharing of the tragic experience, Support, Reaction and Responses of Significant Others, Effect of Gender factor, Growth after the traumatic event and Influence of significant other in Coping and Recovery emerged in the analysis. Evidence for the influence of significant others on one’s own disclosure and rumination was found in the narratives of the participants and thus led to the posttraumatic growth. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of coping strategies of avoidance, emotion and problem focused coping in the development of both PTSD and PTG: whereas, rumination not only mediates the relationship between the avoidance, problem and emotion focused coping it is also influenced by the disclosure and perceived responses of others. This study also highlights the fact that trauma can be prevalent in a nonclinical population. Inclusion of multiple trauma and ethnic group also give an insight into different cultural belief and presence of growth. This study has clinical implications as despite the multiple traumatic event and presence of distress, participants of this study experienced growth. By focusing on the strengths and cultural factors affecting the disclosure and rumination of traumatized individuals during the treatment can increase the level of their growth among different genders.