| 其他摘要 | The period of 0-3 years old is the most rapid period of physiological and psychological development, which lays the foundation for the development of a lifetime. However, compared with children in urban areas, children aged 0-3 years in poor rural areas are at a particularly high risk of delayed development. To explore which factors hinder their psychological development and what kind of intervention measures can effectively promote their psychological development, this study mainly includes the following two parts:
Study 1 aims to explore the key factors that affect the psychological development of rural children aged 0-3 years. A cluster sampling method was used to select 3 townships in Xintian County, Hunan Province and 2 townships in Shangrao County, Jiangxi Province. Surveys were conducted among all the main caregivers of children aged 0-3 years in the 5 townships. Demographic information, caregiver-child attachment, parenting styles and psychological developmental status, including communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, personal-social and social-emotional development were measured. A total of 976 primary caregivers of children participated in the survey, including 522 (53.5%) boys and 454 (46.5%) girls. The average age of the children was 19.98 months (SD = 9.45), ranging from 15 days to 36 months. The results show that after controlling for demographic factors, a high level of caregiver-child attachment and an acceptable parenting style are protective factors for children’s psychological development, whereas rejected parenting and protection-worried parenting are risk factors for the development of communication and gross motor ability, respectively.
Based on the findings of study 1, study 2 further explored feasible intervention measures to promote the psychological development of children. Study 2 consists of three sub studies. Study 2a included the design and implementation of the intervention program. Based on attachment theory and interpersonal acceptance-rejection the this section proposes an intervention program that includes two intervention contents (game-based parenting interaction, knowledge about development and parenting strategy) and three intervention subgoals (promoting children’s psychological development, improving attachment safety between caregivers and children, and improving caregivers’ parenting style). The study selected caregivers of children aged 0-3 years from 3 townships in Xintian County as the objects of the intervention study. Among them, the caregivers in 2 townships were treated as the intervention group, and the caregivers in 1 township were treated as the control group. A total of 392 children were included in the study. There were 221 (56.4%) children in the intervention group and 171 (43.6%) children in the control group. From July 2018 to December 2019, caregivers in the intervention group received interventions every two months. Finally, a total of 9 interventions were administered.
Study 2b conducted qualitative evaluations of the intervention process and intervention effect, which included three aspects: the intervention manual records of the on-site intervention, the questionnaire survey of the intervention staff, and the qualitative interview with the primary caregivers of children. The intervention manual records showed that, according to the intervention staff, the caregivers had a high possibility of practicing the intervention content and had a higher acceptance of the intervention content. The questionnaire survey of the intervention staff showed that nearly half of the staff implemented the intervention partly according to their own understanding and partly according to the steps specified in the intervention manual. The interview with caregivers showed that the intervention made caregivers aware of the importance of providing high-quality companionship and care to children, which is one critical reason why the intervention works.
Study 2c tested the effects of the intervention, including short-term intervention effects and long-term intervention effects, which were carried out 2 months and 1 year after the end of the intervention, respectively. In general, the intervention can effectively promote the psychological development of children and improve the parenting style of caregivers, but it has no significant effect on the promotion of attachment relationships. The effect of intervention varied with the gender of children, left behind status, number of interventions received, educational level and personality characteristics of caregivers.
Based on the theoretical basis and practical needs, this study designs an intervention program to promote the development of children aged 0-3 in poor rural areas of China. The intervention program has high feasibility and strong applicability and can effectively promote the psychological development of 0- to 3-year-old children in rural areas of China. |
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