| 摘要 | 正念，起源于佛教冥想和东方传统文化，经过西方实验验证后不断更新和发 展为心理干预方式中的潮流。无论是传统的冥想实践还是现代的正念理论，都指 向正念干预能够影响自我相关变量，但是其干预机制却并无定论。自尊，是自我 概念的重要组成部分，自威廉•詹姆斯定义其内涵以来，受到一代代心理学家的 关注。本论文结合量化性综述研究，横断研究以及纵向研究的设计，深入探索正 念影响自尊的心理机制，为构建积极健康的自我概念和自我观提供干预和指导意见。
研究一采用系统性综述和元分析考察正念干预对自尊有无提升的作用，并检 验其干预效果是否会受到文献质量、干预剂量和被试类型的影响。对中文数据库 与英文数据库进行系统检索，最终纳入干预内容为正念或至少将正念作为治疗的 核心成分的研究 16 篇。采用随机效应元分析模型对标准化后的编码数据进行分析。干预后，自尊的提升效果显著（g = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.16 - 0.37, p ＜ .001），且 干预效果一直保持到随访结束（g = 0.45, 95%CI: 0.27 - 0.62, p ＜ .001）。单 独分析随机对照研究，正念组与活性对照组相比干预效果不显著（g = 0.15, 95%CI: -0.14 - 0.44, p = 0.161）。文献质量、干预剂量、被试类型对干预效果无显著调节 作用。从研究一中得到结论：正念干预有提升自尊的效果，并且干预效果持续， 然而与活性对照组相比无明显差异。研究一首次得到了综合量化的正念干预对自 尊的提升效果的效应量。
研究二采用横断研究考察执著、正念、自尊三者两两间关系，并检验执著对于二者关系的中介作用。研究首先使用在校大学生和研究生被试对汉化后的 7 条 目执著量表和我执量表进行心理测量特征的检验，在发现信效度良好后对其与正 念五因素量表、罗森博格自尊量表等问卷得分进行相关分析和回归分析，发现执 著在正念对自尊的解释作用之外还对自尊存在独特的影响。中介效应检验发现执 著在正念对自尊的正向效应中起到部分中介作用（β = 0.174, 95%CI: 0.129 - 0.220），执著在正念的五个过程分别对自尊的正向效应中均起到中介作用。从研究二中得到结论：执著是正念和自尊关系的一个部分中介变量。研究二验证了执著、正念、自尊的关系，并首次初步探索了执著在正念与自尊之间的关系中起到 的作用。
研究三采用对照干预实验检验正念干预提升自尊的效果，以及正念特质和执 著在其中起到的中介作用。研究招募了 80 名在校大学生研究生被试，最终 56 人 进入完整的数据分析。实验组参加正念团体干预，对照组为等待组在实验结束后 进行补偿干预。在实验前一周和实验结束后一周分别对实验组和对照组进行心理 测评。结果发现相比对照组，实验组在干预后特质正念显著提升，执著水平显著 降低，中介效应检验发现特质正念变化量和执著变化量完全中介了干预对自尊变 化量的作用（β = 0.123, 95% CI: 0.007- 0.344）。从研究三中得出结论：正念干预 可以提高参与者的特质正念、降低执著水平，同时特质正念变化量和执著变化量 在正念干预对自尊的影响中起到完全链式中介作用。
三项研究逐层深入地探究了正念对个体自尊的影响及其机制，可以得出以下结论：正念干预能够提高自尊。干预结果不受到文献质量、干预剂量、被试类型的影响。正念干预可以提高特质正念，降低执著水平。执著在正念对自尊的正向效应中起到中介作用，即特质正念越高，个体的执著水平越低，从而自尊水平越高。 |
| 其他摘要 | Mindfulness, which originated from Buddhist meditation and eastern traditional culture, has been continuously updated and developed into a trend in psychological intervention after being verified by western scientific experiments. From traditional meditation practice to modern mindfulness theory, it is pointed out that mindfulness intervention can affect self-related variables, but its intervention mechanism is not conclusive. Self-esteem is an important part of self-concept. Since William James defined its connotation, it has attracted the attention of psychologists from generation to generation. This paper combines the design of quantitative review research, cross- sectional research and longitudinal research, in order to promote the further understanding of the impact of mindfulness on self-esteem and provide intervention and guidance for the construction of positive and healthy self-concept and self-concept.
Study 1 used a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether mindfulness-based interventions have an increased effect on self-esteem, and to examine whether the effects size would be affected by the quality of the literature, intervention dose, and type of subjects. A systematic search of Chinese databases versus English databases was conducted, and 16 studies with mindfulness intervention or at least incorporating mindfulness as core component of treatment were finally included. A random effects meta-analysis model was used to analyze the coded data after standardization. Comparing before and after the intervention, mindfulness significantly improved self-esteem (g = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.16 - 0.37, p < . 001), and the effect size was maintained until the end of follow-up stage (g = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.27 - 0.62, p < . 001). Analyzing RCTs separately, the effect size of the intervention was not significant in the mindfulness group compared to the active control group (g = 0.15, 95% CI: -0.14 - 0.44, p = 0.161). The effect size was not significantly moderated by the quality of literature, intervention dose, and type of subjects. It is concluded from study 1 that the mindfulness intervention had the effect of enhancing self-esteem, and the intervention effect was sustained, however, with no significant difference compared with the active control group. Study 1 for the first time yielded a quantified effect size of the enhancing effect of an integrated mindfulness-based intervention on self-esteem.
Study 2 employed cross-sectional research to examine the relationship between nonattachment, mindfulness and self-esteem, and to examine the mediating role of nonattachment in the relationship between the two. Research began by examining the psychometric features of the 7 - item nonattachment scale and nonattachment-to-self scale after translated into Chinese using the undergraduate and postgraduate subjects, this scale and FFMQ, RSES were calculated in correlation analysis after finding good reliability and validity, and found that the five processes of mindfulness, mindfulness, nonattachment and self-esteem were significantly and positively correlated, The mediating test found that nonattachment played a partial mediating role in the positive effect of mindfulness on self-esteem (β = 0.174, 95% CI: 0.129 - 0.220), nonattachment played a mediating role in the positive effects of the five processes of mindfulness on self-esteem, respectively. From study 2, we conclude that there is a positive relationship between nonattachment and both mindfulness and self-esteem, and that nonattachment is a part of the mediating variable in the relationship between mindfulness and self- esteem. Study 2 validate the relationship between nonattachment, mindfulness and self- esteem, and first preliminarily explored the role of nonattachment in the relationship between mindfulness and self-esteem.
Study 3 employed a controlled intervention experimental design to examine the effects of mindfulness intervention to boost self-esteem, as well as the mediating role played by mindfulness and nonattachment in it. 80 undergraduate and postgraduate subjects were recruited to the study, and finally 56 entered complete analysis. The experimental group participated in a mindfulness group intervention, and the control group was the waiting group for compensation intervention after the experiment ended. Psychometric evaluation of the experimental and control groups was performed one week before and one week after the experiment ended, respectively. It is found that compared with the control group, the experimental group had a significant improvement in the levels of mindfulness and nonattachment after the intervention, and the examination of the mediating effect found that the amount of mindfulness change and the amount of nonattachment change completely mediated the improvement in the amount of self-esteem change from the intervention (β = 0.123, 95% CI: 0.007 - 0.344). From study 3, it is concluded that the mindfulness intervention could improve the participants' level of mindfulness and nonattachment. Meanwhile, the level of mindfulness and nonattachment played a mediating role in the effects of the intervention on self-esteem.
The three studies deeply explored the effects of mindfulness on individual self- esteem and the underlying mechanisms layer by layer, and the following conclusions can be drawn: Mindfulness interventions are able to improve self-esteem; The outcomes were not influenced by the quality of the literature, dose of intervention, type of subjects. Mindfulness intervention can improve the level of mindfulness and nonattachment. Nonattachment plays a mediating role in the positive effect of mindfulness on self- esteem. The higher the level of mindfulness, the higher the individual is able to achieve a higher level of nonattachment and thus self-esteem. |
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