| 其他摘要 | Research found that at least 70% of college male students with mental health concerns do not seek out counseling or other mental health services every year. Men are more reluctant to seek professional psychological help than women, which may be influenced by masculine norms. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the connotation of masculine norms related to psychological help-seeking (hereafter referred to as help-seeking related masculine norms) and its influence mechanism on professional psychological help-seeking attitudes(hereafter referred to as psychological help-seeking attitude).
This study is divided into two parts. Study 1 used a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design to explore help-seeking related masculine norms. Firstly, in the qualitative research phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 college students. Through thematic analysis, the themes of help-seeking related masculine norms were determined, and questionnaire items were compiled based on the contents of interviews and similar scales. In the quantitative research phase, 624 male college students were recruited, and exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the basic connotation of help-seeking related masculine norms. In study 2, 475 male college students were selected. In study 2a, the reliability and validity of the instrument were assessed with internal consistency coefficient, construct validity, convergent validity and confirmatory factor analysis. In study 2b, the percentile Bootstrap method with deviation correction was used to analyze the mediating effects of public stigma and self-stigma on help-seeking related masculine norms and help-seeking attitudes.
The results of this study are as follows:
(1) In the qualitative research phase of study 1, the help-seeking related masculine norms mainly included positive and negative aspects, the former was resilient toughness, the latter was emotional repression and extreme self-reliance. In the quantitative phase of study 1, we identified the Help-seeking Related Masculine Norms questionnaire which contained two factors:Resilient toughness and Self-reliance and repression. The factor loading of items ranged from 0.41 to 0.79, and the total variation explained by the two factors was 53.51%.
(2) In study 2a, the reliability and validity of questionnaire in Study 1 was tested. The internal consistency reliability of the total scale was 0.89, that of the Resilient toughness subscale was 0.90, and that of the Self-reliance and repression subscale was 0.86. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fitting index was acceptable (CFI=0.918 > 0.90, TLI = 0.903 > 0.90, RMSEA = 0.076 < 0.80).
(3) In study 2b, public stigma played as the mediating role in the relationship between Self-reliance and repression norm and psychological help-seeking attitudes, public stigma and self-stigma exerted the chain mediating effect in the relationship between Self-reliance and repression norm and psychological help-seeking attitudes. Public stigma played as the mediating role in the relationship between Resilient toughness norm and psychological help-seeking attitudes, public stigma and self-stigma exerted the chain mediating effect in the relationship between Resilient toughness norm and psychological help-seeking attitudes.
The conclusions of this study are as follows:
(1) Qualitative study finds that help-seeking related masculine norms contain both positive and negative aspects. Among them, Resilient toughness norm embodies the uniqueness of masculine norms under Chinese culture.
(2) Based on the results of qualitative research, the Help-seeking Related Masculine Norms questionnaire has good reliability and validity, and meets the requirements of psychometrics. The application of this questionnaire in male college students shows that there is a double-edged effect of help-seeking related masculine norms on psychological help-seeking attitudes. Meanwhile, public stigma and self-stigma exerted the chain mediating effect in the relationship between help-seeking related masculine norms and psychological help-seeking attitudes. |
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