With the popularity of Internet and smartphone, more and more pedestrians use mobile phones in complex traffic environments. The high cost of setting up "mobile sidewalks" has become one of the solutions to improve pedestrian safety. Exploring the individual factors that affecting mobile phone use of pedestrians can help to find countermeasure to reduce pedestrian mobile phone use in a lower cost and longer-term way.
In the field of driving, it was empirically supported that mindfulness can improve the use of mobile phones of drivers. Similar studies in the field of pedestrians are rare. Therefore, the current study will explore the impact of mindfulness on the use of mobile phones of pedestrians. In addition, the mediating role of mobile phone dependence in the relationship between mindfulness and pedestrian mobile phone use will be tested too. Furthermore, the moderating role of risk perception on mobile phone dependence and pedestrian mobile phone use will be also explored. Two studies were designed to explore the relationship abovementioned. In study 1，a cross-sectional questionnaire survey was used to explore the effect of trait mindfulness. In study 2, experience sampling method was used to explore the effect of state mindfulness.
In study 1，a questionnaire survey was conducted to explore the effect of trait mindfulness on mobile phone use of pedestrians. A total of 300 Chinese adults participated the study. Variables included trait mindfulness, mobile phone dependence, pedestrian mobile phone use, and risk perception, as well as individual statistical variables. The results of regression analysis showed that trait mindfulness has a significant direct negative effect on pedestrian mobile phone use. The mediating effect of mobile phone dependence is significant, that is, trait mindfulness can reduce pedestrian mobile phone use by reducing individual mobile phone dependence. Risk perception has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between mobile phone dependence and pedestrian mobile phone use, that is, for those individuals with medium to higher risk perception, with the increase of risk perception, the positive prediction effect of mobile phone dependence on pedestrian mobile phone use gradually weakens until it is not significant.
In study 2, empirical sampling method was used. Trait mindfulness was a control variable, and the effects of state mindfulness on mobile phone dependence and pedestrian mobile phone use were explored. A total of 88 college students were recruited for a 12-day sample survey. Participants were asked to fill out a state mindfulness, mobile phone dependence, and the previous day's pedestrian mobile phone use behavior questionnaire between 8:00 and 10:00 each morning, and 632 data points were obtained. The results of regression analysis showed that state mindfulness has a significant direct negative effect on pedestrian mobile phone use. The mediating effect of mobile phone dependence is significant, that is, state mindfulness can reduce pedestrian mobile phone use by reducing individual mobile phone dependence; the results further showed that state mindfulness has a greater impact on mobile phone dependence and pedestrian mobile phone use than trait mindfulness; risk perception has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between mobile phone dependence and pedestrian mobile phone use.
At last, the theoretical contributions and practical significance, limitations and future directions were discussed.
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