| 其他摘要 | In December 2019, the COVID一19 epidemic broke out. As of the date of writing of this paper, COVID一19 has lasted for nearly three years in the world, posing a significant threat to the life and property of all humanity. The epidemic has brought tremendous changes to people's daily life, weakened people's sense of agency, and threatened people's mental health, generating negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and panic. The sense of agency is the cornerstone of human mental health, which may play a fundamental role in anxiety, depression, and other emotions. Existing research shows that the sense of agency is associated with many emotions and environmental factors, so what role does the sense of agency play in the process of COVID一19 brought negative emotions, and what are the characteristics of the sense of agency under the background of the epidemic, these are the issues to be concerned in this study. Therefore, this study examined the mediating model of "risk perception of COVID一19、sense of agency } anxiety", and the moderating role of social support in this process. And further explored the characteristics of people's sense of agency during periods of varying severity of the epidemic and the characteristics of people's sense of agency in different groups in the same period.
This study selected three periods in February 2020, April 2021，and May 2022, to collect data using online questionnaires which distinguished different degrees of severity of the epidemic by the average daily existing cases, average daily new confirmed cases, and the average number of daily deaths of confirmed cases during every investigation period. Three samples were collected; these are sample 1 (N1=1800), sample 2 (N2=1726), and sample 3 (N3=1585). This study included three researches; the research objectives, samples, methods, results, and conclusions are described as follows:
Research 1 .Objective: Research 1 aimed to introduce the Sense of Agency Scale (SoAS) as a new measurement for Chinese researchers and test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version. Methods: Sample 1(N1=1800, 904 females; Mean age=33.35, SD=9.52) was randomly divided into two samples for subsequent analyses. Results: Nine items were retained after the item analysis, and two subscales (i.e.,
SoPA and SoNA) were extracted via the exploratory factor analysis. The two-facet model was also supported by confirmatory factor analysis (x²/df 2.54, CFI=0.97, TLI=0.96, RMSEA=0.04, SRMR=0.03). Each of the two factors' AVE value was larger than the correlation coefficient of the two factors (r ²=0.38), CR>0.7. The Cronbach's a coefficient of the scale was 0.82, the split-half reliability was 0.66, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.71.The result of the sense of agency scale was significantly correlated with self-efficacy(GSES) and sense of control(The Sense of Control Scale), and the coefficients were 0.59、0.70(P<0.01)，respectively. Conclusion: C-SoAS has good reliability and validity and can be used as a reliable tool to measure one's sense of agency among Chinese.
Research 2. Objective: To explore the relationship between the perceived risk of COVID一19, sense of agency, social support, and anxiety. Methods: COVID-19 Risk Perception Scale, the Chinese version of Sense of Agency Scale(C-SoAS), the Perceived Social Support Scale, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 were used to survey 1585 subjects (sample 3) online. Results: 1.Risk perception of COVID-19, sense of agency, social support, and anxiety were significantly correlated. 2. Sense of agency partially mediated between risk perception of COVID-19 and anxiety. 3.The second half of this mediating path of "risk perception of COVID- 19 } sense of agency } anxiety" was moderated by social support; the higher the level of social support, the lower the risk perception of COVID-19 on anxiety, and the weaker the sense of agency on anxiety. Conclusion: The sense of agency partially mediates between the risk perception of COVID-19 and anxiety, which is moderated by social support.
Research 3 .Objective: To explore the characteristics of Chinese people's sense of agency during periods of varying severity of the epidemic and the distribution of the sense of agency in the population during the same period. Methods: The three samples are sample 1(February 2020), sample 2(April 2021), and sample 3(May 2022), respectively; a large sample study was adopted to compare the differences in the sense of agency among the three periods, and independent-samples T test was used to compare the differences of sense of agency among different populations in the same period. Results: People experienced the highest sense of agency during the outbreak of the epidemic in February 2020. People shared the second highest sense of agency in May 2022 when the Shanghai epidemic outbreak. People experienced the lowest sense of agency in April 2021，when China was in a normalized epidemic prevention and control period. Over the same period, it was found that participants with higher objective social class (income, education, career), participants who were leaders, and older participants experienced a more higher sense of agency. Men reported higher levels of the sense of negative agency than women. In terms of facing different risks of the epidemic, the front-line anti-epidemic workers experienced a higher sense of negative agency. Participants who believe they are highly likely to be infected with COVID-19 and participants with chronic underlying diseases experienced a lower sense of agency. Conclusions: During relatively severe epidemics, Chinese people experienced a higher sense of agency; during relatively stable epidemics, Chinese people experienced a lower sense of agency. The sense of agency varied across groups.
In this study, the Chinese version of Sense of Agency Scale (C-SoAS) was introduced into China, C-SoAS has good reliability and validity and can be used as a reliable tool to measure the sense of agency of Chinese. The study further found the mediating role of the sense of agency in the process of the COVID-19 pandemic affecting anxiety and found that social support played a protective role in this process. This study provided empirical evidence for the prediction and intervention of people's mental health in the context of the COVID一19 pandemic. To further understand the characteristics of people's sense of agency in the epidemic context, research 3 discussed the characteristics of people's sense of agency in periods of varying severity of the epidemic and the characteristics of people's sense of agency among different populations during the same period. These can provide a reference for the understanding and intervention of people's sense of agency in the context of the epidemic. |
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