其他摘要 | Depression is characterized by persistent low mood, cognitive impairment, physical symptoms, sleep disturbances, suicidal ideation, and impairment in physical, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. The depression cognitive theory suggests that attentional bias towards emotional information is both a symptom of depression and plays an important role in the onset, maintenance, and relapse of depression. Research on these differences in attentional bias characteristics will be of great value for the early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of depression. Previous studies have suggested that depressed individuals have attentional bias towards negative emotional stimuli and lack attention towards positive emotional stimuli. This study further explores the characteristics and influencing factors of attentional bias in depressed individuals from three aspects: attentional bias towards single facial regions, attentional bias towards competitive facial expressions, and the impact of emotional priming on attentional bias.
Objectives: 1 .To explore the attentional bias characteristics of depressed individuals towards different emotional facial regions in the process of scanning single faces, and analyze the effects of emotion type, time course on attentional bias. 2. To explore the attentional bias characteristics of depressed individuals towards different emotional facial expressions in a competitive emotional expression environment, and analyze the effects of emotion type, severity of depression symptoms, and time course on attentional bias. 3.To explore the impact of positive and negative emotional priming on attentional bias in depressed individuals.
Methods: Based on the graphic theory, emotion context insensitivity hypothesis, and rumination theory, this study used eye-tracking technology to explore attentional bias and its influencing factors in depressed individuals. The study included three substudies. Study 1 used single faces as materials to study attentional bias towards different emotional facial regions in 32 high-scoring depressed participants and 32 health controls. The research tools included eye-tracking equipment, the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the Chinese Affective Picture System (CAFPS). Study 2 used competitive emotional faces as materials to study attentional bias in 25 clinically severe depressed patients, 26 subclinical depressed participants, and 28 health controls. The research tools added the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) to further screen and diagnose clinically depressed patients. Study 3 added emotional priming before competitive emotional faces and compared attentional bias in 28 clinically severe depressed patients, 27 subclinical depressed participants, and 29 health controls under happy and sad emotional priming. The first fixation latency, first fixation duration, average scan duration, and total scan duration were measured in all three studies. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA,and simple effect analysis was conducted if there was a significant interaction effect.
Results: Study 1:1) The high-scoring depressed group had a significantly longer first fixation latency on sad eyes than the health control group, and the high-scoring depressed group had a significantly shorter first fixation duration on the entire sad face than the health control group. Study 2: 1) There was a significant group difference in total scan duration among clinically severe depressed patients, subclinical depressed participants, and health controls. The total scan duration was longest in the health control group and shortest in the clinically severe depressed group, with the subclinical depressed group in between. 2) Clinically severe depressed patients had a significantly shorter total scan duration on happy faces than healthy controls. Study 3:1) There was a significant interaction between emotional priming type and group in the analysis of first fixation latency. Under sad emotional priming, the first fixation latency of the clinically severe depressed group was significantly higher than that of the subclinical depressed group, and the first fixation latency of the clinically severe depressed group was significantly higher than that of the healthy control group. 2) There was a three-way interaction between emotional priming type, group, and different emotional expressions in the analysis of first fixation latency. Under sad emotional priming, the clinically severe depressed group had a significantly shorter first fixation duration on sad faces than the healthy control group.
Conclusion: In the early stage of attention, sad emotional information will cause depressed individuals to have a slower attentional concentration speed and difficulty maintaining attention. In the later stages of attention, clinically severe depressed patients do not have a significant attentional bias towards any facial expression, and the difference between them and healthy controls is mainly due to the attentional bias towards happy expressions in healthy controls. The performance of subclinical depressed participants is in between the two groups. |
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