认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

随着互联网技术的不断发展，网络成瘾作为一种精神行为障碍，流行率快速增长，已经严重危害当代年轻人的心理与生理健康。双系统模型指出，奖赏系统和认知控制系统之间的失衡是网络成瘾的重要原因。然而网络成瘾人群的双系统中谁发挥着核心作用，双系统如何交互作用网络成瘾的模式以及针对双系统损伤有效的干预手段尚不清楚。因此，本研究基于奖赏与认知控制系统理论框架并结合问卷、元分析与ERP技术手段，探索网络成瘾的双系统作用模式和干预机制。本论文包括三个研究，具体如下：

研究一：采用问卷调查对 4029 名 9-18 岁儿童与青少年的数据使用网络分析的方法探讨了网络成瘾、奖惩敏感性与自我控制中的核心特征和复杂联系，同时对儿童和青少年的群体网络进行比较，分析两个网络的异同。

研究一发现， 儿童与青少年奖惩敏感性和网瘾风险随年龄快速增长，而自我控制能力降低。 相比自我控制，奖赏敏感性是儿童与青少年网络成瘾双系统网络的核心因素，自我控制是预防网络成瘾重要的保护因素。此外，儿童和青少年的网络结构存在差异，后者奖赏敏感性和自我控制的关系更加紧密。研究一揭示了相比于自我控制，对奖赏刺激的过度寻求可能是促使网络成瘾的重要因素，且青少年作为易感人群其网络成瘾的发展更容易受到双系统交互作用的影响。

研究二：采用元分析的方法对以往行为成瘾线索反应和认知控制相关的事件相关电位研究进行量化总结，以探查行为成瘾人群双系统的神经机制。通过筛选符合标准的文献，提取了 26 篇与线索反应和认知控制相关的电生理研究进 行元分析以比较行为成瘾组和健康控制组之间的差异。研究二结果发现，相对于健康组，行为成瘾组的成瘾线索诱发的 LPP 成分幅值增强，No go 条件下的 P3 成分幅值更低，而 N2 成分幅值更高。然而，在Go 条件下的 P3 和 N2 成分没有发现组间差异。研究二首次对行为成瘾双系统电生理研究进行了元分析， 发现行为成瘾组相比于健康控制组，表现出对成瘾线索过高的注意动机以及抑制控制功能的异常，但执行功能可能并未受损。

研究三：采用脑电技术考察了认知重评干预网络成瘾双系统的心理与神经 机制。基于以往的文献，研究三开发了新的实验范式来考察 33 名网络游戏成瘾 组和 27名健康控制组认知重评后渴求反应和特异性抑制控制的行为和电生理差异，以评估认知重评对双系统调控的有效性。结果发现，网络游戏成瘾组相比健康控制组主观报告渴求程度更高，且游戏线索诱发的 LPP 成分幅值更高。不仅如此，相较于健康控制组，网络游戏成瘾组在双选择 Oddball 任务中的正确率更低，反应时更长且 deviant-N2 幅值更高、潜伏期更长。然而，经过对游戏图片认知重评后，网络游戏成瘾组对游戏线索的渴求和抑制控制反应时显著下降。相较于自然观看，网络游戏成瘾组在认知重评后，游戏线索诱发的 LPP 成分和 deviant-N2 成分幅值显著下降，同时 deviant-P3 成分幅值增加。研究三的结果表明了网络游戏成瘾者双系统的损伤，以及认知重评能够从行为和电生理水平促使网络游戏成瘾者减少线索反应，并提高对游戏刺激的抑制控制能力。

综上所述，研究一揭示了奖赏和认知控制系统相关人格特质与网络成瘾的复杂关系，研究二试图厘清了当前行为成瘾双系统电生理机制的争议而研究三验证了认知重评策略对网络成瘾双系统功能的有效干预。这些结果深化了我们对网络成瘾双系统心理与神经机制的理解，同时挖掘了以认知重评策略作为一种针对双系统缺陷干预手段的潜力。本研究为未来网络成瘾诊断和干预手段的开发和进一步优化提供了实证基础和重要启示。

With the continuous development of Internet technology, the prevalence of Internet addiction as a mental behavioral disorder is growing rapidly, which has seriously jeopardized the psychological and physiological health of contemporary young people. The dual-system model points out that the imbalance between the reward system and the cognitive control system is an important cause of Internet addiction. However, who plays the central role in the dual system in the Internet addicted population, how the dual system interacts with the model of Internet addiction and effective interventions for dual system impairments are not clear. Therefore, based on the theoretical framework of reward and cognitive control system and the combination of questionnaire, meta-analysis and ERP technology, this study explores the dual-system model and intervention mechanism of Internet addiction. This thesis consists of three studies, as follows:

Study 1: Data from 4029 children and adolescents aged 9-18 years old using questionnaires explored the core features and complex linkages in Internet addiction, reward and punishment sensitivity and self-control using network analysis, while comparing the group networks of children and adolescents to analyze the similarities and differences between the two networks. Study 1 found that children and adolescents' reward and punishment sensitivity and risk of Internet addiction increased rapidly with age, while self-control decreased. Compared to self-control, reward sensitivity is a core factor in the bisystemic network of children and adolescents' Internet addiction, and self-control is an important protective factor against Internet addiction. In addition, there were differences in network structure between children and adolescents, with the latter having a stronger relationship between reward sensitivity and self-control. Study 1 revealed that excessive seeking of reward stimuli may be a more important factor contributing to Internet addiction than self-control, and that adolescents, as a vulnerable group, are more likely to be affected by dual-system interactions in the development of Internet addiction.

Study 2: A meta-analytic approach was used to quantitatively summarize previous studies on event-related potentials related to cue responses and cognitive control in behavioral addiction, in order to investigate the neural mechanisms of the dual system in behavioral addiction. By screening literature that met the criteria, 26 electrophysiological studies related to cue response and cognitive control were extracted for meta-analysis to compare differences between the behavioral addiction group and the healthy control group. Study 2 results found that relative to the healthy group, the behavioral addiction group had enhanced magnitude of LPP component of the addiction cue evoked, lower magnitude of P3 component, and higher magnitude of N2 component in the No go condition. However, no between-group differences were found for P3 and N2 components in the Go condition. Study 2, the first meta-analysis of a dual-system electrophysiological study of behavioral addiction, found that the behavioral addiction group showed excessive attentional motivation to addictive cues as well as abnormalities in inhibitory control functioning compared to the healthy control group, but executive functioning may not have been impaired.

Study 3: The psychological and neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal intervention in the dual system of Internet addiction were examined using EEG technology. Based on previous literature, Study 3 developed a new experimental paradigm to examine behavioral and electrophysiological differences in craving response and specific inhibitory control after cognitive reappraisal in 33 online game addiction and 27 healthy control groups to assess the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal on dual-system modulation. The results found that the online game addiction group reported higher levels of subjective craving and higher amplitude of the game cue-evoked LPP component compared to the healthy control group. In addition, the online game addiction group had a lower rate of correctness, longer reaction time and higher deviant-N2 amplitude and longer latency in the dual-choice Oddball task compared to the healthy control group. However, after cognitive reappraisal of the game pictures, the online game addiction group showed a significant decrease in craving for game cues and inhibition control reaction times. Compared to natural viewing, the online game addiction group showed a significant decrease in the amplitude of the game cue-evoked LPP component and deviant-N2 component after cognitive reappraisal, along with an increase in the amplitude of the deviant-P3 component. The results of Study 3 demonstrated the dual-system impairments in online game addicts and the ability of cognitive reappraisal to prompt online game addicts to reduce cue responses and improve inhibitory control of game stimuli at both behavioral and electrophysiological levels.

In summary, Study 1 revealed the complex relationship between personality traits related to reward and cognitive control systems and Internet addiction, Study 2 attempted to clarify the current controversy over the electrophysiological mechanisms of the dual system in behavioral addiction while Study 3 validated the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal strategies in intervening on the dual-system functioning in Internet addiction. These results deepen our understanding of the psychological and neurological mechanisms of the dual-system of Internet addiction, and at the same time explore the potential of cognitive reappraisal strategies as an intervention for dual-system deficits. This study provides an empirical basis and important insights for the development and further optimization of future diagnostic and intervention tools for Internet addiction.