健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

羞耻被证实是引发众多生理和心理问题的重要因素，掌握应对和管理羞耻的策略对于当代个人来说极为重要。基于正念的干预方法已被证明能够有效地减少 羞耻，但其作用的具体机制尚未得到深入研究。认知灵活性和自我关怀都被认为与正念相关，且能够通过正念训练得到提升，而自我关怀也是影响羞耻的重要因素。本研究主要聚焦于中国成人群体，探索正念与羞耻的关系，以及认知灵活性和自我关怀作为中介的作用机制。

本研究共设置了三项问卷调查研究。研究一设置了冥想组与非冥想组，主要考察不同冥想经历个体的正念和羞耻水平的差异，以及正念对羞耻的预测作用。 采用正念五因素量表、自我意识情绪量表中的羞耻子量表，对 30名冥想者和 31名非冥想者的正念和羞耻水平进行调查。结果显示：（1）冥想组正念水平显著高于非冥想组(t = 4.14, p < 0.001)；（2）冥想组的羞耻水平(t = -2.45, p < 0.05)显著低于非冥想组(t = -2.45, p < 0.05)；（3）冥想组的正念总分(r = -0.61, p < 0.001)、描述(r = -0.41, p < 0.05)、觉知地行动(r = -0.51, p < 0.01)和不评判(r = -0.44, p < 0.05)要素与羞耻水平呈显著负相关，非冥想组的正念总分与羞耻水平相关性不显著(p > 0.05)。

研究二建立正念与羞耻的交叉滞后模型，探索正念与羞耻在时间序列上的关 系。采用正念五因素量表、自我意识情绪量表中的羞耻子量表进行测量，对 128 人开展为期 8 个月的追踪研究。首次测量时间点为 T1，8 个月后的测量时间点为T2。结果显示:（1）两个阶段的测量中正念与羞耻均呈显著负相关;（2）控制 T1羞耻后，T1 正念能够负向预测 T2 羞耻(β = -0.18, p < 0.01)；控制 T1 正念后，T1 羞耻不能预测 T2 正念(β = -0.04, p > 0.05)。

研究三建立以正念对羞耻影响的链式中介模型，进一步验证正念与羞耻的关 系，以及认识灵活性和自我关怀在其中的链式中介作用。采用正念五因素量表、认知灵活性量表、自我关怀量表及自我意识情绪量表中的羞耻子量表，对北京、成都等地 481 名成人进行问卷调查。结果显示：（1）正念总分 (r=-0.24, p < 0.001)、觉知地行动(r = -0.33, p < 0.001)、不评判(r = -0.30, p < 0.001)要素与羞耻呈显著负相关；（2）正念总分与认知灵活性(r=0.62, p < 0.001)、自我关怀(r = 0.59, p < 0.001)呈显著的正相关关系；认知灵活性与自我关怀呈显著正相关(r = 0.63, p < 0.001)；羞耻与认知灵活性(r = -0.33, p < 0.001)、自我关怀(r = -0.40, p < 0.001)呈显著负相关；（3）认知灵活性与自我关怀及其链式关系可以完全中介正念对羞耻的预测。中介作用模型包含 3 条中介路径：认知灵活性单独中介路径，相对中介效应量为35.90%；自我关怀单独中介路径，相对中介效应量为 38.46%；认知灵活性与自我关怀的链式中介路径，相对中介效应量为 25.64%。

结论:（1）正念水平高的个体，羞耻水平更低；（2）正念可以负向预测羞耻，其觉知地行动维度可以更高地预测羞耻；（3）正念可以纵向预测羞耻，但羞耻不能纵向预测正念；（4）认知灵活性与自我关怀均可为正念对羞耻的预测提供解释；（5）提升正念水平有助于缓解个体的羞耻水平。关注正念对羞耻影响的作用机制，有助于开发出更可靠的针对羞耻的干预措施。

Shame has been confirmed as a significant factor in triggering a multitude of physiological and psychological issues, making the mastery of strategies for coping with and managing shame extremely important for contemporary individuals. Mindfulness-based intervention methods have been demonstrated to effectively reduce shame, yet the specific mechanisms of their action remain insufficiently explored. Cognitive flexibility and self-compassion are both considered to be related to mindfulness and are capable of being enhanced through mindfulness training, with self-compassion also being a significant factor affecting shame. This study primarily focuses on the adult Chinese population, investigating the relationship between mindfulness and shame, as well as the mediating mechanisms of cognitive flexibility and self-compassion.

The study is comprised of three phases. Study 1 establishes a meditation group and a non-meditation group, primarily examining the differences in mindfulness and shame levels among individuals with varying meditation experiences, as well as the predictive role of mindfulness on shame. Useing the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 (TOSCA-3). The results of study 1 showed: (1) The meditation group has significantly higher levels of mindfulness than the non-meditation group (t = 4.14, p < 0.001); (2) The meditation group has significantly lower levels of shame proneness (t = -2.45, p < 0.05) than the non-meditation group; (3) The total score of mindfulness in the meditation group is significantly negatively correlated with shame (r = -0.61, p < 0.001), specifically the 'describe' (r = -0.41, p < 0.05) , 'act with awareness' (r = -0.51, p < 0.01) and 'non-judgment' (r = -0.44, p < 0.05) dimensions, while these correlations are not significant in the non-meditation group (p > 0.05).

Study 2 constructs a cross-lagged model between mindfulness and shame, exploring the temporal relationship between the two. The FFMQ and TOSCA-3 were utilized for measurement, conducting an 8-month longitudinal study with 128 participants. The initial assessment was administered at Time Point T1, with a subsequent assessment at Time Point T2 occurring eight months later. The results of study 2 showed: (1) Mindfulness and shame are significantly negatively correlated at both time points; (2) After controlling for Time 1 shame, Time 1 mindfulness negatively predicts Time 2 shame (β = -0.18, p < 0.01); after controlling for Time 1 mindfulness, Time 1 shame does not predict Time 2 mindfulness (β = -0.04, p > 0.05).

Study 3 establishes a chained mediation model for the impact of mindfulness on shame, further validating the relationship between mindfulness and shame, as well as the mediating roles of cognitive flexibility and self-compassion within this relationship. The FFMQ, Cognitive Flexibility Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, and and TOSCA-3 were utilized for the assessment, conducting a survey among 481 adults in locations such as Beijing and Chengdu. The results of study 3 indicated: (1) The total score of mindfulness is significantly negatively correlated with shame (r = -0.24, p < 0.001), specifically the 'act with awareness' (r = -0.33, p < 0.001) and 'non-judgment' (r = -0.30, p < 0.001) dimensions; (2) Mindfulness is significantly positively correlated with cognitive flexibility (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) and self-compassion (r = 0.59, p < 0.001), and cognitive flexibility and self-compassion are significantly positively correlated (r = 0.63, p < 0.001); shame is significantly negatively correlated with cognitive flexibility (r = -0.33, p < 0.001) and self-compassion (r = -0.40, p < 0.001); (3) Cognitive flexibility and self-compassion, as well as their serial mediation, can fully mediate the prediction of shame by mindfulness. The mediation model includes three mediation paths: Cognitive flexibility alone, with a relative mediation effect of 38.46%; self-compassion alone, with a relative mediation effect of 35.09%; and the serial mediation of cognitive flexibility and self-compassion, with a relative mediation effect of 25.64%.

Conclusion: (1) Individuals with higher levels of mindfulness exhibit lower levels of shame; (2) Mindfulness can negatively predict shame, with the acting with awareness dimension being a key element in the prediction of shame by mindfulness; (3) The cross-lagged analyses showed that mindfulness predicted longitudinal decreases in shame. On the contrary, shames did not predict changes in mindfulness Enhancing mindfulness levels can help alleviate individuals' levels of shame; (4) Both cognitive flexibility and self-compassion can provide explanations for the predictive effect of mindfulness on shame. Focusing on the mechanisms by which mindfulness affects shame can contribute to the development of more reliable interventions targeted at shame.