中国科学院心理研究所机构知识库

本实验运用临床访谈方法，采用幼儿容易理解的有关享用财物的生活小故事，探查4、5、6岁幼儿有关道德认知和相应情绪归因的发展，了解幼儿是否具有有关社会道德的基本知识框架，能否产生具有道德意识的情绪反应，从而研究幼儿中的“快乐的损人者”现象。研究结果表明：

(一)、幼儿已经获得了有关社会道德的基本知识框架，并能前后一致地运用这些朴素知识就道德的正确性对行为作出判断。

整个幼儿阶段，儿童的道德认知以感性、直观为特点，还未达到对规范概括理解的水平，其发展表现出不平衡性。随着年矜的增长，幼儿对道德规范的认识越来越明确、具体、分化和全面，棍括水平不断提高。

(二)、在我国强调“利他”价植取向的教育形响和传统文化熏淘下，幼儿的道德认知中较早地发展了最初的道德良知和关心他人利益、考虑行为后采的成分，使幼儿产生了遵守社会道德规范的需要，因此在报设自己作为损人者的情绪判断里，道德认知与道德情感脱节的现象并不明界;而在才故事中掇人者的情绪列断中，认知与情感脱节的现象比权明显，可能是因为它受到幼儿认识他人的社会性需要的观点采择能力发展的限制。

在道德良知的形成过在中，惩罚起枕明、显的作用，移情也有一定的作用。

For studying the phenomenon of 'happy victimizer' in young children, the present experiment interviewed 4,5, and 6 years old children with understandable stories about enjoying effects in daily life, so as to investigate the development of their moral cognition and corresponding emotional attribution, for identifying whether they have acquired structural knowledge about social-moral rules, and whether moral events can raise their emotional reactions through moral consciousness. The results showed:

1. Young children did acquire structural elementary knowledge of social-moral. rules, being able to use these naive theories on pre-conceptual level to judge the moral rights of human behavior.

During preschool time, the moral cognition of young children are characterized as perceptual and under-generalization; it develops in a disequilibrated way; but as age grows, it becomes more exact concrete. differenciated, complete, and with higher generality.

2. Being influenced by altruism of Chinese traditional cultural value and parenting attitude, the initial moral consciences and concerning for others and consequences of social behaviors in the moral cognition of young children develop earlier, causing the emergence of their needs to obey moral rules, so that their moral emotion seem to be jointed with their moral cognition in the emotional attribution of their own, but not in that of the story victimizers. It is because that the latter are limited by the young children's poor perspective-takinng abilities to recognize others' social needs.

It seems that punishment takes considerable effects on the growth of moral consciences empathy also takes certain effects on it.