中国科学院心理研究所机构知识库

本研究通过对一个被试在示例学习中掌握物理浮力知识的口语报告进行细致的编码和分析，阐明了示例学习的基本特点和通过示例学习获取蕴含浮力知识的产生式规则的一般过程。研究结果表明:

1.包括概念、原理和问题解决技能在内的特定领域知识可以统一地表示为产生式规则。示例学习的基本思路就是围绕蕴含特定领域知识的产生式规则设计例题和问题，将学生的注意力引向产生式的条件部分，从而发展基于条件识别的间题解决技能。

2.通过示例学习可以有效地获取产生式规则，这可以通过比较被试在学习前测试和学习后测试的口语报告中各种陈述来判断。这些陈述包括对问题状态的陈述、对条件识别和动作激活的陈述、解释有解样例的陈述、以及反映元认知行为的陈述等。

3.在示例学习中，被试获取产生式规则不是建立在陈述性知识的基础之上的，是一种直接获取的过程。这一过程可以分为条件建构和条件优化两个阶段。

本文提出的口语报告编码方案能够恰当地反映被试在示例学习中的各种行为，为评价示例学习的效果和分析通过示例学习获取产生式规则的过程提供了客观的数据。

Based on the detailed encoding and analysis of one subject‘s protocol in learning buoyancy from examples and by doing(by solving problems)，this paper expounded the characteristics of the method of learning from examples and by doing(henceforth LFED)and the process of acquiring productions embodying knowledge about buoyancy through this method. The results showed:

1 .Domain-specific knowledge including concepts, principles and procedural knowledge embodying problem-solving skills can be represented as production rules. The main idea of the mothed of is to construct examples and problems around these productions emboding domain-specific knowledge，and direct the students‘s attention to the condition side of productions hence develop their problem- solving skill based on condition recognization.

2 .Production rules can be acquired effectly throuth the method of LFED，which w8s due to the differences between the subject’s behavior in pretest and that in post-test. The behavior was inferred from the statements in protocol, including those on problem states，on condition recognization and the action evoked on explanation to the worked一out examples, and those on the metacognition.

3 .During the process of learning from exa.ples and by doing，the subject acquire production rules Without the declarative knowledge preceding procedual.That is to say, the subject can acquire productions directly. The process of knowledge acquisition through LFED include two stages: the condition-construction stage and the condition-elaboration stage.

The coding system proposed in this paper can encode all. kinds of behavior that revealed in the process of LFED objectively and univocally.The encoding of behavior provide reliable date for evaluating the effectiveness of the method of LFED, and for analysising the process of acquiring productions through.