健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

个体与依恋对象的早期互动经验能塑造其依恋风格并影响个体的情绪加工能力。研究者基于依恋理论，考察依恋对个体情绪加工的影响。这些研究结果表明依恋不安全个体有不良情绪策略。同时，有研究指出依恋安全启动能改善个体不良情绪策略。以往研究大多注重考察依恋对负性情绪刺激加工的影响。另依恋安全改善不安全依恋情绪刺激加工存在矛盾不一的结果。如有研究认为依恋安全对高依恋回避个体无显著影响，另一部分研究则认为依恋安全会增加依恋回避个体对情绪刺激的注意和体验。因此，本研究试图探究依恋对正性和负性情绪信息加工的影响，同时考察依恋风格在其中的作用，明确依恋安全对个体的影响。

预研究研究目的：采用问卷调查法，探究依恋风格与正负性情绪加工策略之间的关系。研究方法：选取300 名研究生作为被试，剔除有缺失数据被试后纳入分析289 名，平均年龄23.88 岁（SD=1.11）。被试完成亲密关系经历量表（ECR），伯克利情绪表达性问卷（BEQ）。研究结果：（1）依恋焦虑与负性情绪表达显著正相关，与正性情绪表达相关没有达到显著；（2）依恋回避与正性情绪表达显著正相关，与负性情绪表达相关没有达到显著。

研究一研究目的：采用启动的方法，探究依恋对正负情绪信息加工的影响。研究方法：选取150 名大学生或研究生，平均年龄22.31 岁（SD=2.35）。被试完成亲密关系经历量表修订版（ECR-R），状态-特质焦虑量表（STAI）后，根据依恋风格与焦虑状态将被试伪随机到三个启动组（依恋安全启动，依恋焦虑启动，依恋回避启动）。一周后，被试在线完成启动任务（回忆书写），之后完成相应问卷及对面孔效价判断及愉悦度评分。研究结果：（1）相较于依恋不安全启动，依恋安全启动能显著提升依恋安全感；（2）相较于依恋安全启动，依恋焦虑启动组对对负性图片的愉悦度评分更低，对情绪信息有负性判断偏差；（3）相较于依恋安全启动，依恋回避启动显著降低个体对情绪信息识别的正确率，且与情绪效价无关。

研究二研究目的：探究依恋安全启动对个体情绪信息加工促进作用，着重探讨情绪效价及依恋风格在其中的作用。研究方法：选取39 名大学生或研究生，平均年龄为23.03 岁（SD=1.61）。一周前完成亲密关系经历量表修订版（ECR-R）、亲密关系满意度量表（QRI），状态-特质焦虑量表（STAI）。一周后通过书写回忆任务启动依恋安全后完成点探测任务。进一步，我们通过方差分析考察启动类型、启动类型×个体依恋风格在反应时和正确率上的差异。研究结果：（1）相较于中性启动，依恋安全启动条件下，被试的反应时更短，并且正确率无组别差异；（2）依恋安全启动与依恋焦虑交互影响个体对负性情绪信息加工。依恋安全启动提升高依恋焦虑个体对负性刺激的注意反应（正确率升高）；（3）依恋安全启动与依恋回避交互影响个体对负性情绪加工，相较于中性启动，安全启动条件下高依恋回避个体的正确率降低。

研究结论：（1）依恋安全启动能提升个体依恋安全感，提高行为能力；（2）依恋焦虑与负性情绪信息加工显著关联。依恋焦虑个体夸大负性情绪可能是影响其心理健康的内在机制。同时，依恋安全启动能促进依恋焦虑个体对负性情绪的加工，提高依恋焦虑个体对情绪信息识别的正确率，提高其行为反应能力。（3）依恋回避显著降低个体对情绪信息的识别，但这个降低与情绪效价无关，还需进一步讨论。依恋安全启动与依恋回避交互影响个体对负性情绪加工。安全启动条件下，依恋回避个体的正确率降低，原因可能是依恋安全启动促进个体对负性情绪信息的加工，降低回避程度。

The experience of the early interaction between individuals and significant others can shape their attachment styles and have a profound influence on the processing of emotional information. Based on attachment theory, researchers have investigated the influence of attachment on the processing of emotional information. These findings suggest that insecurity attachment leads to relative maladaptive emotional strategies, while attachment security can promote efficient strategies to process emotional information. Previous studies have focused on examining the effects of attachment on the processing of negative information. In addition, there are inconsistent results about how attachment security priming influences insecurity attachment individuals. This study attempts to explore the effect of attachment on positive and negative emotional information processing, at the same time, we would investigate the role of emotional valence and attachment style, to clarity the effect of attachment security.

Pre-Study purpose: Questionnaires were used to explore the relationship between attachment styles and the processing strategy of positive and negative emotion. Methods: 289 students (Mage = 23.88, SD=1.11) completed the experience of close relationship Questionnaire (ECR) and the Berkele expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ) were used to test. Results: (1) Attachment anxiety was positively correlated with the negative expressivity, while attachment avoidance was negatively correlated with the positive expressivity. Study1 purpose: Attachment priming approach was used to explore the effect of attachment styles on the processing of positive and negative emotional information. Methods: 150 students were enrolled (Mage = 22.31, SD=2.35). Participants completed the experience in close relationship Questionnaire-Revised (ECR-R) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). All the participants were pseudorandomly allocated into three priming groups, which were indistinguishable on ECR-R and STAI scores. One week later, a recalling task was used to prime the participants’ safety attachment representations, anxiety attachment representations or avoidance attachment representations. And then the participants need to determinate the emotional valence and rate the pleasure level of emotional faces. All these procedures were completed online. Results: (1) Compared with the insecurity priming, attachment security priming can significantly enhance attachment security. (2)Compared with attachment priming, attachment anxiety priming group have lower score for negative face. And the attachment anxiety priming group had negative bias for emotional information. (3) Compared with attachment security priming , attachment avoidance priming group have lower accuracy to emotional information. Study 2 purpose: To explore the effect of attachment security priming on the processing of emotional information, focusing on the role of emotional stimuli and attachment styles. Methods: 39 students were enrolled (Mage = 23.03, SD=1.61). Participants completed the ECR-R, the STAI and the Quality of Relationship Index (QRI).One week later, a recalling task was used to prime the participants’ safety attachment representation. After that, they would complete the dot-probe task. We examined individual differences in response time and accuracy by repeat measurement ANOVA. Result: (1) Compared with neutral priming condition, the response time was shorter in attachment security priming group. And there was no significant difference in accuracy between neutral priming and security priming group. (2) Attachment security priming and attachment anxiety can affect the processing of negative emotional information. Attachment security priming improves the attention response of high attachment anxiety individuals to negative information (increased accuracy). (3)Attachment security priming and attachment avoidance can affect the processing of negative emotional information. Compared with neutral priming, high attachment avoidance individuals had lower accuracy in attachment security priming. Conclusions: (1) Attachment security priming can enhance individual attachment security and executive ability. (2)Attachment anxiety was significantly associated with the processing of negative emotional information. Exaggerating negative emotions in attachment anxiety individuals may be an intrinsic mechanism affecting their mental health. At the same time, attachment security priming can promote the processing of negative emotional information in attachment anxiety individuals, increase the accuracy of recognition of emotional information, and improve the behavioral response. (3)There is no difference between priming attachment priming and attachment avoidance in behavioral indicators, which needs further discussion. Attachment security priming and attachment avoidance would affect the processing of negative emotional information. Attachment security priming decreased the accuracy to emotional information of attachment avoidance individuals. The reason may be that attachment security can reduce the degree of avoidance in attachment avoidance individuals, then influenced processing of attachment-related information.