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生育价值观对生育意愿和养育行为的影响
其他题名Value of Children and its impact on the Fertility Desire and Parenting Behavior in China
马丽
导师朱莉琪
2021-06
摘要我国的生育率多年持续走低,这已成为各方关注的重要问题。 早在上世纪70年代,西方国家出现生育率显著降低的现象,心理学家提出个体所持的生育价值观 (Value of Children,缩写 VOC,直译“子女价值观 ”,指个体对子女对于父母的功用或子女对父母需要的满足,以及生育子女带来的负担或代价所进行的评价 )是影响生育意愿和生育行为的重要因素。 个体的客观外在因素和主观倾向性因素往往通过影响个体的生育价值观而进一步影响生育意愿和行为。另外,生育率的降低体现出父母在子女的数量 -质量权衡中,可能倾向于减少生育数量,更加重视对子女的养育质量。本研究借鉴生育价值观的概念和相关理论,探查在当代全面二孩政策背景下育龄人群的生育意愿和养育行为的心理影响机制,研究结果可为我国人口政策的制定以及家庭养育支持提供心理学的依据。本文分为3个研究,研究 1考察生育价值观的现状和变迁(包括生育价值观的结构特点、生育价值观的性别、城乡和年代差异),研究 2考察生育价值观对生育意愿的影响,研究 3考察生育价值观对养育行为的影响。 结果表明:(1)当前育龄群体的生育价值观包含两个方面:子女的价值(VOC+)和子女带来的代价和花费(VOC-)。VOC+包含三个维度:功用价值、心理价值和家庭-个人发展价值其中各维度重要性为心理价值 >家庭-个人发展价值 >功用价值;VOC-包含三个维度:外在负担、心理负担和条件限制, 其中各维度的评分为心理负担 >外在负担 >条件限 制。(2)当前育龄群体的生育价值观存在性别差异男性比女性更加重视子女的功用价值,女性对子女带来外在负担的评价显著高于男性 、城乡差异 偏远农村比城市和城镇更加重视子女的功用价值;发达城市群体更重视子女的心理价值,同时对子女带来外在负担和心理负担评价比城镇和偏远农村更高 和年代差异 随着年代的变化子女的功用价值的重要性减弱,心理价值的重要性增加;与此同时个体对子女的外在负担和条件限制的评价也在增加。(3)个体对子女的功用价值的评分正向预测农村群体的生育意愿;对心理价值的评价显著正向预测城市群体的生育意愿;对子女带来的外在负担、心理负担的评价负向预测城市群体的生育意愿。(4)个体受教 育水平、收入水平和生活满意度越高,个体的生育意愿也越低,但是考虑到子女的心理价值,会增强生育意愿。 (5)个体的受教育水平和生活满意度正向预测个体对子女心理价值的重视,进而促进个体对子女的积极养育行为。农村群体对子女带来的功用价值和外在负担的评价更高,进而对子女采取更多的消极养育行为。 上述结果 对我国人口政策的制定具有参考价值,提示我们在鼓励生育和提倡积极养育时,应了解和关注心理因素,尤其是 子女价值观 。注重不同群体的特点,精准采取相关措施:针对女性和发达地区群体,应重视家庭、社会支持和养育设施的完善,以减轻外在负担带来的消极抚养现象;而在农村群体中,应重视子女的功用价值在提高生育意愿的同时也增加了消极养育行为的现象。
其他摘要China’s fertility rate continues to decrease for several years, which has become an important issue in various fields. As early as 1970s, birth rate in western countries began to decline. Psychologists proposed that the “value of children” (VOC) was an important psychological factor influencing women’s fertility rate, and individual objective external factors as well as subjective factors would influence people’s fertility desires and behaviors through VOC. Besides, declining birth rate revealed parents tended to reduce the number of children and put more emphasis on the quality of parenting. Therefore, while encouraging fertility, we also need to pay attention to the quality of parenting. This research based on the concepts and related theories of value of children in western culture, aiming to construct a structural model to explore factors influencing the fertility desires and parenting behaviors among Chinese of childbearing age in the background of universal second-child policy, which may provide psychological help for government in population policy and family parenting support. This research consisted of three studies: Study1 investigated current value of children and its differences over time; Study2 investigated the impact of VOC on fertility desires; Study3 investigated parenting behaviors. In sum, (1) VOC included two aspects: the positive value of children (VOC+) and negative value of children (VOC-) in current cohort of childbearing age. VOC+ was a structure of three dimensions: The “utility VOC”, “psychological VOC”, and “family-individual VOC”. The “psychological VOC” was most important for parents to have children, while the importance of “utility VOC” was lowest. VOC- was a structure of three dimensions: The “external burden”, “psychological burden”, and “personal and resource constraint”. The “psychological burden” was highest in parents who did not want to have children. (2) VOC in current cohort of childbearing age was differed in gender (men rated higher in “utility VOC”, while women rated higher in “external burden”), in urban-rural area (individuals from remote rural areas rated higher in “utility VOC” than the ones in cities, while individuals from cities put more emphasis on children’s “psychological VOC” as well as “external burden” and “psychological burden”), and in generations (“utility VOC” declined over time, as “psychological VOC” increased.). (3) “Utility VOC” positively predicted fertility desire in rural area; “Psychological VOC” positively predicted fertility desire in urban area; “External burden” and “psychological burden” negatively predicted fertility desire in urban area. (4) “Psychological VOC” was an important mediator in the influence of individuals’ education level, income and life satisfaction on fertility desire: the higher was individuals’ educational level, income and life satisfaction, the lower was their fertility desires, but they took “psychological VOC” into consideration, they would improve the willingness to give birth to a child. (5) “Psychological VOC” positively mediated in the relationship of educational level, life satisfaction with positive parenting behaviors, respectively. “Utility VOC” and “external burden” negatively mediated in the relationship of educational level, life satisfaction with negative parenting behaviors in rural area. These above conclusions reminded us that when we encouraged child delivering and promoted positive parenting, we were supposed to guide individuals to pay more attention to psychologic factors, especially “value of children”. We should also focus on characteristics of different groups to take relevant actions. For example, for women and groups in developed areas, attention should be paid to the improvement of family support, social support and nurturing facilities to reduce the negative parenting related to “external burdens”. We founded that “utility VOC” of children would promote the willingness to deliver babies, but increase negative parenting behaviors at the same time. Government should pay attention to the possibility that the rural groups may have more children but neglect positive parenting after the implementation of the childbirth policy, which will decrease the quality of fertility.
关键词生育价值观 生育意愿 养育行为 心理因素
学位类型硕士
语种中文
学位名称理学硕士
学位专业发展与教育心理学
学位授予单位中国科学院心理研究所
学位授予地点中国科学院心理研究所
文献类型学位论文
条目标识符https://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/39569
专题认知与发展心理学研究室
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
马丽. 生育价值观对生育意愿和养育行为的影响[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院心理研究所,2021.
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