The Xining Reform was a series of reforms implemented during the Northern Song Dynasty， dominated and implemented by Wang Anshi， and was one of the most important reforms in Chinese history. In the Northern Song Dynasty during the mid-to-late period， various social problems， including political， economic， military and educational problems， were a great obstacle to the development of the country. The Reformation was a series of changes that were introduced to change this situation， and it had a profound impact on the society at that time and on China afterwards. Xining's reform has been commented on as the culprit of the country's demise since the Southern Song Dynasty， and can only be treated objectively in recent modern studies. Moreover， the change also had an impact on China in terms of the ideology of external closure to the shift towards the internal. Since the Xining Reform， China has turned inward and become more closed， and this had an important role to play in the subsequent Ming and Qing periods as well. The effects have been widely examined in the fields of history and political science. However， gaining a deep understanding of people's attitudes， motivations， and behavioral changes at that time offers a psychological perspective that reveals the impact of change on societal power structures， institutions， and the process of psychological shifts during change. Analyzing these during this complex process enables a profound comprehension of transformation's influence on a society's culture， including its organizational structure and power hierarchy. By doing so， it can enhance our comprehension of significant historical events and socio-cultural transformations， offering fresh insights and perspectives for a more comprehensive understanding of social change and cultural development. Consequently ， research from a psychological perspective can further enrich our knowledge of reformation and its influence on China's cultural development.
In this research， we primarily employ a classical Chinese corpus analysis method， including quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The CC-LIWC software is employed to segment and analyze the digitized linguistic data of the important figures involved in the Reform， including Wang， the main proponent and implementer of the reform， as well as the scholar-officials that played a significant role in the reform. Furthermore， we incorporate psychological， semantic， historical， and political science methods to conduct an in-depth psychological analysis of individuals and groups involved in the reform. The primary focus of our study is to analyze the psychological transformations experienced by Wang - a prominent advocate and implementer of Xining Reform - as well as the scholar-bureaucrat group that played a pivotal role during this transformative period. On the basis of this core research objective， four different orientations and levels of research have been carried out， respectively studying the psychological change characteristics of the important historical figure Wang Anshi individually as well as the group of scholars and officials during the Xining Reform， exploring the identity of the scholars' group in the comparative analysis with the group of scholars of the Reform Period of the Ming Dynasty， which was also a large cultural background of the Song and Ming philosophies， and finally， using the theories such as the modern theories of organization and management and the Big Five personalities on Wang and the group of scholars， we have furthered our understanding of the impacts of the social changes on these important individuals and groups in terms of the psychological aspects of their cognition， emotion， and behaviors. By studying the influences they were subjected to in the Xining Reform， we can enhance our understanding of the characteristics and changes in the social consciousness， structure， and institutions of the time.
The analysis of Wang’s character during the reform period revealed significant changes in conjunctions （F=4.378， p=0.002）， negations （F=2.968， p=0.020）， insight words in the cognitive process （F=3.008， p=0.019）， and differential words （F=3.509， p=0.008）. These findings indicate a decrease in analytical thinking in his rational thought process， an increase in reflective thinking in his cognitive process， a decrease in differential thinking， and an increase in perceptual thinking during transformation. However， there were no significant changes in self-centeredness. Regarding the psychological analysis of the scholar-officials， significant reductions were observed in adverbs （F=4.172， p=0.044）， relative words （F=11.657， p=0.006）， and movement words （F=8.74， p=0.012） for the scholar-officials during the Northern Song Dynasty reform compared to the pre-reform period. This implies a decrease in their secondary thought processes and an increase in automated thought processes. Neo-Confucianism received more attention during the reform period， and a predominant tone of pessimistic and negative emotions was observed， accompanied by a rapid decrease in subjective initiative and a tendency towards closed-mindedness. The group of scholars demonstrates universality in psychological analysis during two distinct transformational periods， namely the Northern Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. This universality is evident in various aspects，including their pursuit of career， active involvement in political affairs， family and societal responsibilities， emphasis on family strength and heritage， reliance on observational and emotional cognitive processes， and a focus on introspection and self-reflection. These aspects collectively shape the political identity of the scholarly community in accordance with the Song and Ming philosophies. However， this study also elucidates that， owing to significant ideological disparities between Wang and the scholars， despite Wang's more perfect leadership style， the scholars community displayed a tendency to lack a sense of responsibility and exhibit reluctance to collaborate during the Reform.
This dissertation aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive， emotional， and behavioral traits of Wang， a significant historical figure， and the scholar-officials， drawing upon psychological theories and synthesizing insights and methodologies from various disciplines. The findings of this study reveal substantial disparities and even conflicts in the psychological development between Wang and the scholar-officials during the Xining Reform， highlighting the presence of contradictions between them. Despite the scholar-officials maintaining a certain level of social engagement， their perceptions underwent significant transformations during the reform era. This evolution was characterized by a more risk-averse ideology， heightened emphasis on personal interests， and a shift towards negative emotions and uncooperative behavior. These psychological and ideological modifications are also closely related to developments in the social structure and social system.
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