认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

外貌焦虑在青少年人群中普遍存在。已有研究表明，外貌焦虑与进食障碍、社交焦虑、抑郁等内化问题行为有关。新近研究指出青少年外貌焦虑和违纪、说谎等外化问题行为可能也存在关联。然而相关的研究较少，青少年外貌焦虑和外化行为之间的关系值得进一步探讨。本研究旨在开发适用于我国青少年的外貌焦虑的测评工具，并探讨我国青少年外貌焦虑的特点，以及外貌焦虑对外化问题行为的影响，为青少年外貌焦虑和外化问题行为的干预提供依据。

研究一的目的是编制适合我国青少年的外貌焦虑问卷，并对其信效度进行评 估。首先，选取98名大学一年级的学生，采用头脑风暴法产生青少年外貌焦虑 的初始条目，经过归类、合并、修改后，产生了 46 个条目。其次，经由中国科学院心理研究所的 5 位专家博士对初始问卷的内容效度进行评估，并且在根据专家意见对题目进行修改的基础上，形成初始问卷。第三，采用问卷调查法在初一到初三年级的 422 名中学生（平均年龄为 13.17±0.89 岁，范围是 11.4-15.25 岁）中施测外貌焦虑初始问卷，项目分析和探索性因素的结果剔除 25 个条目，初步形成了一个包含三个因子的 21 题项青少年外貌焦虑问卷。第四，选取 1205 名中学生施测该问卷，被试同时填写体像忧虑量表、二维自尊量表、负性情绪量表和生活满意度量表。有 702 名被试间隔 6 个月后重测了青少年外貌焦虑问卷以确定其重测效度。结果发现外貌焦虑问卷在青少年中的 Cronbach’s α系数为 0.93，折半信度为 0.95，重测信度为 0.68，表明自编青少年外貌焦虑问卷的信度良好。探索性和验证性因素分析均表明青少年外貌焦虑问卷具有稳定的三因子结构，分别是外貌信念因子（11 个条目）、外貌修饰因子（5 个条目）和外貌关注因子（5个条目）。此外，青少年外貌焦虑问卷与体像忧虑量表的相关高达 0.89，表明问卷具有良好的校标效度；与自尊、生活满意度、负性情绪也达到了中等程度的相关，表明问卷的聚合效度也表现良好。综上，本研究编制的 21 题项青少年外貌焦虑问卷能够作为测量我国青少年外貌焦虑状况的有效工具。

研究二旨在回答我国青少年外貌焦虑的特点，以及外貌焦虑对于青少年外化问题的影响。采用问卷调查法收集了 1205 名初一到高二年级的青少年学生（平均年龄为 14.29±1.82 岁；年龄范围是 11-18 岁）的外貌焦虑、自尊、负性情绪和外化问题行为的数据，运用 SPSS 软件进行统计分析，并使用 PROCESS 插件中的 Model 6 检验自尊和负性情绪在外貌焦虑对外化问题行为影响中的中介机制。结果发现我国青少年的外貌焦虑具有以下特点：（1）外貌焦虑在我国青少年中普遍存在，且与青少年的实际 BMI 水平和对体重的不同期望相关。样本中实际超重和肥胖的人数仅为 25.9%，但期望变轻的人数占比高达 84.8%（男生：76.9%；女生：91.3%）。希望变瘦的青少年外貌焦虑水平最高。（2）女生在青少年外貌焦虑量表得分和三个因子分均显著高于男生，且差异在对外貌的关注和修饰行为以及回避行为上最明显。（3）高中阶段青少年外貌焦虑水平显著高于初中阶段，且差异主要体现在高中女生外貌修饰更多，外貌关注更强烈两个方面。（4）超重/肥胖组的外貌焦虑水平显著高于体重正常组，而正常组的外貌焦虑又显著高于消瘦组。

就青少年问题行为而言，研究二发现（1）女生的外化问题行为比男生多，但不同年级学生的外化问题行为无差异。（2）男、女生中外貌焦虑对青少年的外化问题行为具有显著的预测作用，外貌焦虑能够单独解释男生外化问题行为变异中的 16.0%和女生外化问题行为变异的 15.0%。（3）中介效应检验结果表明自尊和负性情绪在外貌焦虑对青少年男生和女生外化问题行为中起到部分链式中介作用。

研究三采用纵向追踪法考察了外貌焦虑对于青少年外化问题行为的影响。间隔6个月，再次测查了研究二中702 名被试（初一到高二年级；平均年龄为 14.82 ±1.48 岁；年龄范围是 13-18 岁）的外貌焦虑、自尊、负性情绪和外化问题行为。回归分析的结果发现，在控制了 T1 外化问题行为后，青少年男生 T1 外貌焦虑能够显著预测 T2 外化问题行为，且男生外貌焦虑对外化问题行为的影响纵向预测作用，完全由自尊和负性情绪中介。而青少年女生的外貌焦虑对外化问题行为的纵向影响不显著。可见，青少年男生的外貌焦虑会通过自尊和负性情绪，间接影响到外化问题行为。

综上所述，本研究所编制的青少年外貌焦虑问卷具有良好的心理测量学特性，能用于测量我国青少年外貌焦虑状况。我国青少年中外貌焦虑明显。此外，青少年外貌焦虑会通过自尊和负性情绪的中介作用，影响到青少年男女生的外化问题行为。

Appearance anxiety is common among teenagers. Previous studies have shown that appearance anxiety is related to internalizing behaviors such as eating disorders, social anxiety, and depression. Recent research also suggests there may be a link between adolescent appearance anxiety and externalizing problem behaviors such as disciplinary violations and lying. However, there are few relevant studies, and the relationship between appearance anxiety and externalizing behaviors is worth further exploration. The purpose of this study was to develop a tool that can measure appearance anxiety of Chinese adolescents, and discussed the characteristics of appearance anxiety of Chinese adolescents, as well as the influence of appearance anxiety on externalizing behaviors, so as to provide a basis for the intervention of appearance anxiety and externalizing behaviors of adolescents.

The purpose of Study 1 is to compile a suitable appearance anxiety questionnaire for Chinese adolescents and evaluate its reliability and validity. Firstly, 98 first-year undergraduate students were selected to brainstorm in order to give some items about adolescents’ appearance anxiety, and 46 items were generated after classification, consolidation and modification. Secondly, the content validity of the initial questionnaire was evaluated by 5 doctoral experts from the Institute of Psychology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the initial questionnaire was formed on the basis of modifying the questions according to the expert opinions. Thirdly, the initial appearance anxiety questionnaire was conducted in 422 middle school students in Grade One to Grade Three (Mage=13.17 ± 0.89 , Range: 11.4-15.25) by means of questionnaire survey. 25 items were eliminated from the results of item analysis and exploratory factors, and a 21-item adolescent appearance anxiety questionnaire containing three factors was initially formed. Fourthly, 1205 middle school students were selected to test the questionnaire, and the subjects filled in the Body Image Concern Inventory, Self-liking/Self-competence Scale-Revised, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Negative Subscale and The Satisfaction with Life Scale at the same time. A total of 702 subjects were retested Adolescent Appearance Anxiety Questionnaire after 6 months to determine its retest validity. The results showed that the Cronbach’s α coefficient of Adolescent Appearance Anxiety Questionnaire was 0.93, the half-way reliability was 0.95, and the retest reliability was 0.68, indicating the reliability of the self-compiled Adolescent Appearance Anxiety Questionnaire. Both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Adolescent Appearance Anxiety Questionnaire had a stable three-factor structure, namely, appearance belief (11 items), appearance modification (5 items) and appearance concern (5 items). In addition, the correlation between the Adolescent Appearance Anxiety Questionnaire and Body Image Concern Inventory was as high as 0.89, indicating that the questionnaire had good calibration validity. The correlation with self-esteem, life satisfaction and negative affect also reached a moderate degree, indicating that the aggregate validity of the questionnaire was also good. In conclusion, the 21-item Adolescent Appearance Anxiety Questionnaire compiled in this study can be used as an effective tool to measure the status of adolescents’ appearance anxiety.

Study 2 aims to explore the characteristics of Chinese adolescents' appearance anxiety and the influence on their externalizing behaviors. The data of appearance anxiety, self-esteem, negative affect and externalizing behaviors of 1205 adolescents (Mage=14.29 ± 1.82 , Range: 11-18)were collected by questionnaire survey. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis, and Model 6 in PROCESS plug-in was used to test the mediating mechanism of self-esteem and negative affect in the influence of appearance anxiety on externalizing behaviors. The results show appearance anxiety and externalizing behaviors of Chinese adolescents have the following characteristics: (1) Appearance anxiety is common in Chinese adolescents, and is related to their actual BMI level and different expectations of weight.Only 25.9% of the sample were actually overweight or obese, but 84.8% of the sample expected to become lighter (Male: 76.9%; Female: 91.3%). Teenagers who wanted to be thin had the highest levels of appearance anxiety. (2) The total scores of Adolescent Appearance Anxiety Questionnaire and the three factors were significantly higher for girls than boys, and the differences were most obvious in appearance concern, modification behaviors and avoidance behaviors. (3) The level of adolescents’ appearance anxiety in high school is significantly higher than that in middle school, and the difference is mainly reflected in two aspects: high school girls have more appearance modification and more attention to appearance. (4) The level of appearance anxiety in the overweight/obese group was significantly higher than that in the normal weight group, and the level of appearance anxiety in the normal group was significantly higher than that in the thin group.

In terms of adolescents’ problem behaviors, Study2 found that (1)Girls had more externalizing behaviors than boys, but there was no difference between different grades. (2) Appearance anxiety has a significant predictive effect on adolescents' externalizing behaviors in both boys and girls. Appearance anxiety can explain 16.0% of the variance in externalizing behaviors in boys and 15.0% of the variance in girls separately. (3) The results of mediating effect test show that self-esteem and negative affect have a partial serial mediation effect in appearance anxiety on adolescent boys’ and girls’ externalizing behaviors.

In Study 3, a questionnaire survey was conducted to 702 adolescents(Mage=14.82

± 1.48, Range: 13-18) from Study2 to collect data about appearance anxiety, self-esteem, negative affect and externalizing behaviors after six months, and further explored the longitudinal influence of appearance anxiety on externalizing behaviors. Regression analysis found that after controlling for T1 externalizing behavior, T1 appearance anxiety of adolescent boys could significantly predict T2 externalizing behavior, and the longitudinal prediction effect of appearance anxiety on boys’ externalizing behaviors were completely mediated by self-esteem and negative affect. However, adolescent girls’ appearance anxiety has no significant longitudinal effect on externalizing behavior. It can be seen that adolescent boys’ appearance anxiety will indirectly influence the externalizing behaviors through self-esteem and negative affect.

In conclusion, Adolescent Appearance Anxiety Questionnaire developed in this study has good psychometric characteristics and can be used to measure the status of adolescents’ appearance anxiety in China. The anxiety of appearance is obvious among Chinese teenagers. In addition, adolescents’ appearance anxiety can affect adolescent boys’ and girls’ externalizing behaviors through the mediating role of self-esteem and negative affect.