健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

随着社会现代化的推进，劳动市场与家庭结构的变化促使夫妻间的家庭分工进行重新审视与实践。这一现象反映了现代社会中家庭角色和责任划分的动态变化，涉及高等教育的普及、女性职业机会的增加、共享家务文化的形成的反思与适应。然而，关于夫妻之间家庭经济贡献率和家务贡献率对家庭分工互动影响的研究相对较少，而使用以个体为中心的研究方法建立家庭分工的夫妻层面特征与婚姻满意度之间影响机制的研究也较为罕见。在此之前，大部分的研究通常采用以变量为中心的研究方法来探究已婚夫妇之间的家庭分工情况。这种方法主要聚焦丈夫和妻子之间的平均水平差异，而往往未能很好地关注夫妻之间的差异。因此，本研究采用以个体为中心的研究方法，深入探讨我国已婚夫妻家庭分工模式以及家庭分工各模式与婚姻满意度之间的联系与影响机制，以期为婚姻关系的健康发展制定相关政策或者咨询提供思路。

研究一探讨了我国夫妻之间的家庭分工模式是否可以根据其家庭经济贡献率和家务贡献率的具体组合来区分。通过对 400 对中国已婚夫妻的二元数据进行潜在剖面分析，识别出夫妻之间的三种家庭分工模式:“传统夫妻”模式（丈夫承担大部分的家庭经济贡献率，妻子负担大部分的家务贡献率）占总夫妻对数的 39.00%（N = 156），“过渡夫妻”模式（丈夫的家庭经济贡献率和家务贡献率均高于妻子）占 9.75%（N = 39）和“平衡夫妻”模式（丈夫和妻子的 家庭经济贡献率和家务贡献率相对均等）占51.25%（N = 205）。

研究二以研究一中夫妻家庭分工模式作为切入点，深入探究了家庭分工模式与婚姻满意度之间的联系，以及感知公平在其中的作用机制。研究发现，家庭分工各模式能直接影响夫妻双方的婚姻满意度。丈夫与妻子的婚姻满意度具有相似性，且丈夫的婚姻满意度均高于妻子；“平衡夫妻”模式中丈夫和妻子的婚姻满意度水平较高；比较不同夫妻家庭分工模式，丈夫、妻子的婚姻满意度存在差异。研究结果表明，感知公平作为中介变量，在家庭分工各模式与婚姻满意度之间的联系中具有间接影响。丈夫的感知公平发挥了正向中介作用，妻子的感知公平发挥了负向中介作用；在不均等的家庭分工模式中，感知公平比实际家庭分工更能预测夫妻双方的婚姻满意度；丈夫、妻子的感知公平与个人及其伴侣的婚姻满意度均呈正相关。

综上所述，本研究可以得出以下结论：（1）我国夫妻之间存在三种家庭分 工模式，其中以丈夫和妻子在家庭经济贡献率和家务贡献率均等的家庭分工“平衡夫妻”模式为主导。（2）夫妻家庭分工各模式与丈夫、妻子的婚姻满意度之间的关系既存在相似性又存在差异性。“平衡夫妻”模式中的丈夫和妻子均表现出较高的婚姻满意度。家庭分工模式对妻子婚姻满意度的影响显著大于对丈夫婚姻满意度的影响；在家庭分工各模式中，妻子的婚姻满意度均低于丈夫。（3）感知公平在家庭分工各模式与婚姻满意度之间起中介作用；丈夫感知公平和妻子感知公平的中介作用呈现出相似性和互补性的特征。这些发现意味着，要全面理解家庭分工与婚姻满意度之间的关系，不仅要探索夫妻在家庭分工中承担的具体责任，还要考虑个人及其伴侣对这种分工的感知公平。研究结果表明，并非只有相对均等的家庭分工模式对夫妻双方婚姻满意度产生的积极影响具有重要性，而更为关键的是在不均等的家庭分工中，夫妻双方共同协商达成既符合双方期待又能促进互相协作的家庭分工安排，从而推动夫妻之间实现和谐美满的婚姻关系。

With the advancement of social modernization, changes in the labor market and family structure have necessitated a re-examination and practical implementation of household labor division between husbands and wives. This phenomenon reflects the dynamic changes in the division of family roles and distribution responsibilities within the modern society, encompassing the universally high level of education, increased career opportunities for females, and the emerging culture of shared housework. Research on the interactive effects of both household economy contribution rates and housework contribution rates dimensions on household labor division is scarce, while still scarcer are studies employing a person-centered approach to establish the influence and mechanisms between couple-level household labor division patterns and marital satisfaction between husbands and wives. Most research has used a variable-centered approach for examining household labor division between the married couples. This approach primarily focuses on the mean-level differences between husbands and wives while often overlooking the variations at the couple level. The present study employed a person-centered approach to explore household labor division patterns and to analyze mechanisms by which these patterns influenced marital satisfaction. Our results subsequently contribute to the formulation of relevant policies and consultations aiming at fostering the healthy development of marital relationships, thereby ensuring family stability and harmony.

The first study focused on exploring whether different groups of married couples could be distinguished based on their specific combinations of household economy contribution rates and housework contribution rates. By conducting latent profile analysis and dyadic data analysis from 400 heterosexual married Chinese couples, we identified three couple-level patterns in household labor division, including “Traditional Couples” pattern (i.e., husbands exhibited relatively high household economy contribution rates, while wives showed relatively high housework contribution rates) accounted for 39.00% (N = 156), “Transitional Couples” pattern (i.e., characterized by husbands showing higher contribution rates on both household economy and housework and exceeding those of their spouse) is only 9.75% (N = 39), and “Balanced Couples” pattern (i.e., husbands and wives demonstrated relatively average contribution rates of household economy and housework) about 51.25 percent of married couples (N = 205).

In the second study, taking household labor division patterns among husbands and wives as a starting point, this research aimed to explore the relation of household labor division patterns with marital satisfaction, as well as the role mechanism of spouses’ perceived fairness in it. Our results indicated that all the household labor division patterns directly predicted marital satisfaction among husbands and wives. Firstly, the marital satisfaction between husbands and wives is similar, with husbands typically reporting higher levels of marital satisfaction compared to their wives. And the “Balanced Couples” pattern was expected to produce a higher marital satisfaction level for the couples. Furthermore, when comparing various patterns of household labor division, differences in marital satisfaction arise between husbands and wives. The results were identical to our assumption, and the perceived fairness was a mediating variable that exerted an indirect effect on the relation of household labor division with marital satisfaction. There was gender difference in how husbands’ and wives’ perceived fairness influenced various household labor division patterns and marital satisfaction levels. Specifically, the perceived fairness of husbands serves as a positive mediating factor, while the perceived fairness of wives acts as a negative mediating factor. In the context of unequal division of household labor, perceived fairness plays a more significant role in predicting marital satisfaction for both husbands and wives compared to the visible allocation of household labor division. The perceived fairness between husbands and wives is positively correlated with the marital satisfaction of both individuals and their spouses.

In this study, the following conclusions can be drawn. (1) Three different household labor division patterns are found among husbands and wives; however, the predominant “Balanced Couples” pattern is the one in which both spouses show the relatively average contribution rates of household economy and housework. (2) The influence of different household labor division patterns on the marital satisfaction among the couples demonstrated both similarities and differences. In “Balanced Couples” pattern, the couples report the high marital satisfaction levels. The impact of the patterns of household labor division on wives’ marital satisfaction is significantly more pronounced than on husbands’. And the uneven division of household labor patterns results in a reduction in wives’ marital satisfaction, while having no impact on husbands’ marital satisfaction. Moreover, in each pattern of household labor division, the wife consistently reports lower levels of marital satisfaction compared to her husband. (3) The perceived fairness played the mediating role between household labor division patterns and marital satisfaction. Notably, the perceived fairness held by husbands and wives exhibit comparable and complementary characteristics in this relationship. These findings imply that to comprehensively understand the correlation of household labor division with marital satisfaction, it becomes imperative to not only explore the specific responsibilities taken on by married couples in the distribution of household labor, but also account for the perceived fairness held by individuals and spouses concerning this division. Research finding indicate that the positive impact on marital satisfaction extends beyond just a relatively equal division of household labor for both spouses. More importantly, within an unequal distribution of household labor, both husbands and wives establish a division of household labor that not only fulfills the expectations of both spouses, but also fosters mutual cooperation, thereby enhancing a fulfilling marital relationship.