民机着陆异常事件人因操作特征与绩效评价研究

PSYCH OpenIR > 社会与工程心理学研究室

	民机着陆异常事件人因操作特征与绩效评价研究
其他题名	Human Operation Charcteristics and Performance Evaluation of Civil Aircraft Landing Incidents
	汪磊
	2014-10
摘要	尽管飞机着陆的时间仅占总飞行时间的 1%，但着陆却是民机飞行事故发生最多的阶段，事故统计表明过去十年全球有23%的飞行事故发生在该阶段，其中驾驶舱人因差错一直是导致这些事故最主要的诱因，占到事故致因的 60%以上，因此解决着陆阶段的人因问题是改善飞行安全最有效、直接的途径。本研究以飞行快速存取记录器（Quick Access Recorder，QAR）数据为基础，综合应用数据挖掘、统计建模、模拟飞行实验、问卷调研等方法对着陆异常事件的人因操作特征和绩效评价问题展开研究。研究一采集了293个航班的飞行QAR数据样本，从中挖掘出远接地和重着陆两类着陆异常事件的飞行参数特征，然后对远接地、重着陆、正常着陆的拉平操作特征进行了差异性分析，最后应用多元线性回归和Logistic回归模型分析了拉平操作与着陆绩效的相关性，研究结论表明：拉平是最终着陆阶段最重要的操作，拉平操作开始的时机、完成速率与着陆绩效（接地距离与垂直载荷）紧密相关，拉平操作时间和拉平操作起始高度两个因素对着陆接地距离和接地载荷产生直接影响，飞行员均匀、柔和、一致地拉杆和收油门对应着良好的着陆绩效。研究二应用眼动追踪设备在模拟飞行环境中对 10 名被试开展了目视着陆操作眼动实验，结论表明：注视时间百分比、注视转移次数、平均注视时间组合而成的注视模式特征与着陆绩效之间存在较强相关性，在着陆过程中绩效优组对舱外景区的注视百分比显著高于绩效差组、绩效优组总的注视转移次数显著多于绩效差组、绩效优组对舱内仪表的平均注视时间显著短于绩效差组。研究三将着陆过程中影响目视判断和操作的因素设计进一套着陆情境问卷中，通过对专家飞行员实施情境问卷调研，并应用熵权法处理了 32 份有效问卷数据，结论表明：着陆过程中影响飞行员目视判断最重要的五个因素分别是能见度、助航设施、飞行经验、飞行能力、地面参照，影响飞行员手动操作最重要的五个因素分别是飞行技能、飞行经验、风速、着陆重量、着陆构型。研究四基于 QAR 数据和风险评价原理提出了一个着陆操作绩效评价模型，即通过计算每次着陆后远接地、重着陆、擦机尾三类着陆异常事件的发生风险来评价飞行员的操作绩效，并依据该模型开发了一个飞行着陆操作绩效评价系统，结论表明该系统可以实现着陆操作绩效评价、飞行数据处理、事件查询统计等功能，QAR数据的进一步应用验证了模型和系统的可用性。总之，本研究应用真实飞行数据对着陆关键人因操作的特征、机理、影响因素和绩效评价做了积极的探索，成果将为航空公司优化着陆操作训练、开展操作绩效评价、控制着陆异常事件、预防着陆近地事故提供直接依据和参考，对提高飞行安全水平具有重要现实意义。
其他摘要	Landing only accounts for 1% of the whole flight time, but holds the most amount of flight accidents. The global accident statistics indicated that 23% of flight accidents happened in landing phase in the past ten years. Meanwhile, human error in flight deck is the most important inducing factor and contributed to 60% of accidents. Resolving human factors issues in landing will be the most effctive way to promote current flight safety level. Based on flight Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data, this research aims to find the human operation characteristics of landing incidents and evaluate pilot operation performance by jointly using methods of data mining, statistical modeling, flight simulating experiment and pilot survey. In Study I, 293 cases of flight QAR data were collected, and the analysis of variance was carried out for finding flight parameter characteristics of abnormal landing at a flare initial point and in the whole flare process. Then two regression models were developed to analyze the potential correlations between flare operations and landing performance. Finally, it was concluded that flare would greatly influence touchdown distance and vertical acceleration through the two key factors of flare time and height. The control column and throttle operation would affect landing performance conjointly. Pilots’ quick and steady pulling up columns and softer throttle reduction are helpful for a better flare operation and better landing performance. In Study II, an experiment with eye tracking in flight simulator was conducted to find the human fixation pattern in landing phase. The results of experiment indicated that strong correlation existed between landing performance and fixation pattern consisting of fixation percentage, number of fixation transfer and fixation average time. In visual landing process, the group with excellent operation performance allocated more time and fixation points on outside view and the average time on instrument was significantly less than the group with poor performance. In Study III, these factors influencing visual perception and operation were considered and designed into a landing scenario questionnaire. Then the questionnaire survey was implemented among experienced pilots and entropy weight method was used to deal with obtained 32 sample data. The results indicated that five important factors affecting visual perception and judgment were visibility, navigation aids, flight experience, flight ability and ground visual references. These top five factors affecting manual operation in landing were flight skill, flight experience, wind speed, gross weight and configuration. In Study IV, a landing operation performance evaluation model based on flight QAR data and risk theory. The pilot operation performance could be evaluated according to the occurrence risk of long landing, hard landing and tail strike incidents after each landing. Meanwhile based on this model, an applicable landing operation performance evaluation system was developed with function of flight data processing, performance evaluation and incident statistics. Finally the QAR data was used to examine the usability of the evaluation model and system. To sum up, the whole research examined human operation and visual characteristics, influencing factors and performance evaluation of landing incidents, these results would be the basis of further safety landing research. These findings in this research can also be applied into practice for airlines to optimize flight training, evaluate flight operation performance, prevent landing incidents and improve flight safety in further.
学科领域	应用心理学
关键词	着陆安全人因操作特征绩效评价
学位类型	博士
语种	中文
学位专业	心理学
学位授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
学位授予地点	北京
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/19665
专题	社会与工程心理学研究室
作者单位	中国科学院心理研究所
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	汪磊. 民机着陆异常事件人因操作特征与绩效评价研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院,2014.

条目包含的文件
文件名称/大小	文献类型	版本类型	开放类型	使用许可
汪磊-博士学位论文.pdf（4723KB）	学位论文		限制开放	CC BY-NC-SA	请求全文