This dissertation reports 5 sets of studies on deception, 3 questionnaire studies and 2 experiments: 1. Chinese and Japanese cross-cultural study on stereotypes about liars. 2. Stereotypes about liars and gender difference in China. 3. Liar’s gender specific stereotypes. 4. Gaze aversion and liar’s stereotype. 5. Gaze aversion and deception detection. First study was carried out in China and Japan, Back to back English, Chinese and Japanese translated questionnaire were used, participants complete a questionnaire about their beliefs on liars and what non-verbal cues that they use to judge when people are lying, the result reveals a dominant Chinese and Japanese pan-cultural stereotype: that liars avert gaze, and significant gender difference among Chinese and Japanese were found. The first result also adds support to the finding by GDRT in 2006. In Study 2, Chinese sample were expanded to evaluate gender difference about beliefs on liars and the result reveals a dominant Chinese stereotype about liars: that liars use more hand gestures. Significant gender difference in stereotypes about liars is also found. In Study 3, Chinese participants respond to 2 sets of questionnaires about their beliefs on liars with gender specific (Male and Female) and what non-verbal cues that they use to judge when liars (Male and Female) are lying, the result reveals 2 dominant gender stereotypes about liars when liar’s gender is specific: that male liars act calm and female liars use more hand gestures. Significant gender difference in the perceivers was also found in this study. In Experiment 1, participants were shown 12 video vignettes of 6 speakers who narrated the same factual truth with either maintained or avoided eye contact. Participants were asked to evaluate whether the speaker was telling the truth or lying on each trial. The results revealed that perceivers were significant likely to attribute lying to speakers narrated in gaze aversion condition. Significant gender difference was also uncovered, with girls demonstrating strongest sensitivity to the gaze cues. Experiment 2 examined whether the tendency to perceive gaze aversion as a lying cue in deception detection condition. Participants were shown 8 video vignettes of 8 speakers whose narration were either a factual truth or a conceal lie when either maintained or avoided eye contact. Participants were asked to evaluate whether the speaker was telling the truth or lying on each trial. The results also revealed that perceivers were significant likely to attribute lying to speakers in gaze aversion condition. Significant gender difference was also found in perceivers, with girls demonstrating strongest sensitivity to the gaze cues. These findings indicate that although liars avert gaze is not the most dominant stereotype about liars in China, but is pan-cultural dominant among Chinese and Japanese. Also Chinese perceives gaze aversion as a lying cue in deception detection condition.
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