健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

为探讨父母教养方式、心理韧性与考试焦虑之间的关系，采用分层随机抽样方法在辽宁、河南、山东、广东、江苏、四川私!内蒙古7个省18个城镇抽取9所小学、7所初中和7所高中的中小学生作为样本，运用Stein berg父母教养方式问卷、青少年心理韧性量表、考试焦虑量表(TAS)对学生进行问卷调查，共得到7320名学生的有效数据。本文分3个部分来进行探讨:研究一，Skein berg父母教养方式问卷中文修订及信效度评价;研究二，父母教养方式与儿童心理韧性的关系;研究三，父母教养方式、心理韧性对考试焦虑的影响以及心理韧性在父母教养方式和考试焦虑之间的中介效应的检验。研究结果如下:

1.中文版Steinberg父母教养方式问卷具有较好的信效度，达到测量学要求，可以广泛的应用于研究和实践。

2.女生在父母教养方式之心理自主和严格/监督上的得分显著高于男生;独生子女在参与维度上得分高于非独生子女。女生在家庭支持、人际协助和心理韧性总分方面的得分显著高于男生;独生子女与非独生子女在心理韧性各维度及心理韧性的总分上没有显著差异。

3.父母抚养方式与心理韧性各维度均显著正相关;在控制了性别、是否独生子女和年龄后，父母教养方式中参与、心理自主维度能够显著预测心理韧性的总分（β分别为0.44, 0.30， P<0.001)， 可以解释32.0%的变异。

4.考试焦虑的检出率:样本中TAS大于等于15分的总体比率是52.70/ a，其中男生中53.2%的学生大于等于15分，女生中的比例是54.00/;样本中总分超过20分的有的有22.7%，其中男生中有23.4%的人超过20分，女生中有22.7%的人超过20分。

5.考试焦虑不存在显著的性别差异，独生子女与非独生子女的考试焦虑差异也不显著。

6.父母教养方式中参与、心理自主均与考试焦虑显著负相关;心理韧性与考试焦虑显著负相关。在控制性别、年龄和是否独生子女后，参与、心理自主对考试焦虑具有显著负向预测作用，一可以解释8.0%的变异量;目标专注、情绪控制、家庭支持和人际协助具有显著负向预测作用，可以解释26.0%的变异量。

7.对于参与维度来讲，目标专注、情绪控制、积极认知、家庭支持和人际一协助在参与和考试焦虑之间具有部分中介效应;对于心理自主维度来讲，情绪控制、家庭支持和人际一协助在心理自主和考试焦虑之间具有部分中介效应。

In order to analyze the relationship among parenting, resilience and test anxiety，a study had been conducted among 9 primary schools,7 junior middle schools and 7 senior middle schools in 18 cities and towns which were lied in Liaoning, Henan, Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Neimenggu，using Steinberg Parenting Scales, Resilience Scale of Adolescents and the Test Anxiety Scale. This paper is composed of three parts to examine the issue. The first part examines the reliability and validity of the Chinese Revised Version of Steinberg Parenting Scales; the second part analyzed the relationships between parenting and resilience; the third part examines the mediating effect of resilience between parenting and test anxiety.

Results show that:

1. The reliability and validity of Chinese Revised Version of Steinberg Parenting Scales are satisfied and can meet survey requirement, The results suggest that the Chinese version of Steinberg parenting scales can be applied in the study of this field in China.

2. Female students have higher score than male students in the two factors of parenting(psychological autonomy-granting and strictness/supervision). The one-child students have higher score than non-one-child students in involvement. Female students also have higher score in family support, interpersonal aid and resilience total score than male students; there is no significant difference between the one-child students and non-one-child students in resilience. 3. Significant correlations were found between the three factors (involvement, psychological autonomy-granting and strictness/supervision) and resilience. When sex, one-child or non and age are controlled, the three factors can still explain 32.5% variance of resilience.

4. Incidence of test anxiety: 52.7% percent of samples have an overall score at or higher 15. 53.2% percent of male student samples have a scoreat or higher than 15 while that for female student samples is 54% percent. A score of 20 refers to fairly serious test anxiety and 22.7% percent of samples have a score over 20. 23.4% percent of the male student samples have a score of over 20 while that for female student samples is 22.7%.

5. No significant difference was found in test anxiety between female students and male students, which was the same between the non-only-child students and the only-child students.

6. Involvement, psychological autonomy- granting are significantly negatively related to anxiety, the same result was found between resilience and test anxiety. When sex, one-child or non and age are controlled, the three factors can still explain 8.0% variance of test anxiety, while target focus, emotional control, family support and interpersonal aid can explain 26.0% variance of test anxiety.

7. Target focus, emotional control, positive cognition family support and interpersonal aid have mediating effect for the effect of involvement on test anxiety. Emotional control, family support and interpersonal aid have mediating effect for the effect of psychological autonomy- granting on test anxiety.