中国科学院心理研究所机构知识库

本文对580名20～89岁成年人（其中包括60岁以上有文化及无文化老年人440名）的短时记忆进行了研究。结果：一、逻辑记忆（即复述故事）、图象自由回忆、数字广度及指向记忆，从40岁组开始均较20岁组有明显减退；二、40岁、50岁及60岁组记忆成绩差异不大，70岁组以上又较60岁组有较明显减退；三、60～89岁老年人除顺背数字外，各项记忆均有随增龄而减退的趋势；四、老年人以5岁而不是10岁间隔划分年龄组时，相邻两组间差异不显著；五、文化因素的影响显著，但对图象自由回忆影响较小；六、性别差异不显著，但女性老人图象回忆较好，男性老人倒背数字较好；七、老年人记忆的个体差异较大，随增龄而有组内变异增大的趋势；八、对50名受试前后用性质、难度相当的两套测验进行测试，总分相关为0.9，表明测验信度较高。但测验尚有缺点需待改进。

Short- term memory was studied in 580 subjects aged from 20 to 89, with 440, including educated and uneducated, aged from 60 to 89 years. The results indicated: 1. Performances on the four subtests-logical memory, free recall of pictures, digits span and directed memory- significantly decline in the subjects over 40 years of age as compared with those in the twenties. 2. In the age groups from 40 to 60, no marked difference was observed, while after 70 years of age a second significant memory decrease was observed. 3. At the age period from 60 to 89 years, memory on the subtests decreases with the exception of digits-forward. 4. When 5-yrs instead of 10 yrs age interval were used in analysing the results, no marked

differences were observed between the adjacent age groups. 5. Education level is an influencing factor on memory performances, but with the test of free recall of pictures it has less effect. 6. Generally speaking there is no significant sex difference, but the female aged performed better with the test of free recall of pictures and the male better with dgitis-backward. 7. The individual differences between the aged are larger than those between young adults, so it seems that individual memory difference will become larger with aging. 8. When two batteries of tests were used in 50 subjects, a correlation of 0.90 was obtained, indicating a high reliability of the tests, however, further improvement is needed.