社会与工程心理学研究室知识库

服刑人员自杀事件时常引起外界社会的关注，影响着监狱对服刑人员的惩罚与改造，近年来随着减刑、假释等新规定的出台，减刑幅度变小、减刑周期增长以及疫情下监狱管理制度的变更，导致服刑人员改造的压力增加，难以适应服刑生活，引发其自杀风险。为了实现对服刑人员自杀风险的尽早发现并进行针对性预防和干预，探究服刑人员自杀意念的形成机制成为当下的重要议题。

应激-易感模型指出，外界环境应激源，即负性生活事件是引发自杀意念产生与发展的重要因素。然而目前还没有一套针对服刑人员群体的负性生活事件评估工具，因此本研究拟编制适用于服刑人员的负性生活事件量表。同时，探究服刑人员负性生活事件对其自杀意念的可能影响机制，并引入认知易感性因素（即反刍思维和社会问题解决）和保护性因素（即社会支持）进行讨论。

研究一选取 620 名服刑人员进行量表的初测，修订后再选取 778 名服刑人员进行正式施测；研究二选取了 922 名服刑人员，考察了服刑人员负性生活事件对其自杀意念的影响机制，在确认负性生活事件能正向预测自杀意念后，进一步考察了反刍思维和社会问题解决在其中的中介作用；研究三在确认了反刍思维和社会问题解决的中介作用后，再选取了 895 名服刑人员检验了社会支持在其中的调节效应。

研究一编制的服刑人员负性生活事件量表由人际压力、再回归压力、改造压力、家庭压力和健康压力 5 个因子构成，共 27 道题。该量表具有良好的信度和效度，可作为服刑人员受负性生活事件影响程度的评估工具。

研究二检验结果发现，服刑人员负性生活事件可直接预测其自杀意念，且还可以通过反刍思维间接预测自杀意念，即反刍思维在负性生活事件和自杀意念之间起中介作用；负性生活事件还可通过社会问题解决间接预测其自杀意念，即社会问题解决也起到中介作用；但是负性生活事件不可通过反刍思维和社会问题解决间接预测自杀意念，即链式中介作用不成立，为平行中介作用。

研究三检验结果发现，社会支持对“服刑人员负性生活事件→反刍思维→自杀意念”这一中介路径的前半段起调节作用，即社会支持越高，负性生活事件对反刍思维的正向预测关系越弱；社会支持对“服刑人员负性生活事件→社会问题解决→自杀意念”这一中介路径的后半段起调节作用，即社会支持越高，服刑人员的社会问题解决对自杀意念的负向预测关系越强。

综上，本研究编制的量表为服刑人员心理社会应激源评估提供了针对性较强的测量工具，同时从反刍思维和社会问题解决的角度丰富了自杀的“应激-易感”模型，提出了服刑人员自杀意念形成的影响机制，并从社会支持的角度提出了削减自杀意念产生的有效路径，对推进服刑人员自杀研究具有重要意义，对监狱预防和干预服刑人员自杀提供了理论参考和指导作用。

The suicidal events of prisoners often attract the attention of the outside world, which affects the punishment and rehabilitation of prisoners. In recent years, with the introduction of new regulations such as commutation and parole, the range of commutation has become smaller, the period of commutation has increased, and the prison management system under the COVID-19 epidemic has changed. Changes have led to increased pressure on prisoners to reform, making it difficult for them to adapt to prison life and causing their suicide risk. In order to realize the early detection of the suicide risk of prisoners and carry out targeted prevention and intervention, it has become an important topic to explore the formation mechanism of suicidal ideation in prisoners.

The stress-vulnerability model points out that external environmental stressors, namely negative life events, are important factors that trigger the emergence and development of suicidal ideation. However, there is no set of negative life event assessment tools for inmates, so this study plans to develop a negative life event scale for prisoners. At the same time, the possible influence mechanism of negative life events of prisoners on their suicidal ideation was explored, and cognitive risk factors (rumination and social problem-solving) and protective factors (social support) were introduced to discussion.

In the first study, 620 prisoners were selected for the preliminary test of the scale, and then 778 prisoners were selected for the formal test after revision. In the second study, 922 prisoners were selected to investigate the effect mechanism of negative life events on suicidal ideation. After confirming the negative life events can positively predict suicidal ideation, the mediating role of rumination and social problem-solving was further investigated. In the third study, 895 male prisoners were selected to examine the moderating effect of social support after confirming the mediating effects of rumination and social problem-solving.

In the first study, the negative life events scale for prisoners was composed of 5 factors, including interpersonal stress factor, re-regression stress factor, modification stress factor, family stress factor and health stress factor, with a total of 27 questions. The scale had good reliability and validity, and that can be used as a tool to assess negative life events in prisoners.

In the second study, the mediating effect analysis showed that negative life events could directly predict suicidal ideation, and rumination could also indirectly predict suicidal ideation, which means rumination played a mediating role between negative life events and suicidal ideation. Negative life events can also predict suicidal ideation indirectly through individual social problem-solving, which means social problem- solving plays an mediating role between negative life events and suicidal ideation. However, rumination and social problem-solving could not be used to predict suicidal ideation indirectly, indicating that there was no chain mediating effect and the two were parallel mediating effects.

In the third study, the results showed that social support had a moderating effect on the first half of the mediation path of negative life events → rumination → suicidal ideation, which means the higher social support, the more negative life events affected rumination. The weaker the positive predictive relationship; the perception of social support has a moderating effect on the second half of the mediation path of “inmates’ negative life events→social problem solving→suicidal ideation”, that is, the higher the perception of social support, the more social problems of inmates Addressing a stronger negative predictive relationship for suicidal ideation.

The results of the third study showed that social support moderated the first half of the mediation path of “negative life events → rumination → suicidal ideation”. The higher social support, the weaker the positive predictive relationship between negative life events and rumination. Besides, social support moderated the second half of the mediation path “negative life events → social problem-solving → suicidal ideation”. The higher social support, the stronger the negative predictive relationship between social problem-solving and suicidal ideation.

In conclusion, the scale of negative life events for prisoners prepared in this study filled in the gaps of stressors assessment tools for prisoners, enriched the “stress- vulnerability” model of suicide from the perspective of rumination and social problem- solving, and proposed the influencing mechanism of suicidal ideation among prisoners. From the perspective of social support, this research proposes an effective way to reduce the generation of suicidal ideation, which is of great significance to promote the study of suicide among prisoners, and provides theoretical reference and guidance for the prevention and intervention of suicide among prisoners.