中国科学院心理研究所机构知识库

决策是一种重要的认知活动过程。研究儿童决策的发展过程对揭示人类决策行为产生发展过程和儿童决策行为的发展有重要意义。本研究以7、9、11岁正常儿童和数学学习困难(MD)儿童作为被试，采用信息公告版技术呈现多选择多特征任务，着重探讨一下三个问题：(1)小学儿童决策策略的发展，任务复杂程度和任务特征如何影响决策策略？(2)小学儿童运用策略正确决策的能力如何发展？(3)MD儿童和正常儿童的决策差异？

主要研究结果如下：

1） 7－11岁儿童使用信息搜寻策略的灵活性提高，主要表现在9岁到11岁之间。11岁儿童，能根据任务的复杂程度和任务特征选择更有效的策略，具有了“适应性决策者”的特点。

2） 7－11岁是儿童运用策略做出正确决策的能力随年龄而发展，对不可代偿任务的决策能力在7－9岁快速发展；在较难的可代偿策略任务上，儿童的决策能力逐渐发展，但总体水平仍然较差。

3） 7－11岁儿童决策时间逐渐缩短，且差异出现在7岁到9岁之间。

4） 7－11岁儿童运用可代偿和不可代偿策略的能力沿着两个系统，同时发展。一方面儿童运用“完全加工”策略的能力增强；另一方面，儿童也能更好地运用不可代偿策略，快速而有效地做出正确选择。

5） 7－11岁MD儿童决策能力的发展滞后于正常组儿童。MD儿童比正常儿童需要更多地决策时间；MD儿童在不可代偿/可代偿任务中的决策成绩显著低于正常儿童；MD儿童在不可代偿/可代偿任务中的决策策略存在差异，11岁MD儿童仍然不能根据任务特征选择适应性策略。

This study adopted the information-board procedure to examine the development of decision-making skills of 7-,9-,11-year-olds, and focused on three questions:(1)how did children’s decision strategies develope? how did task complexity and task demands influenced children’s decision-making? (2) how did children use strategies to make decision appropriately? (3) what was difference between the normal children and MD children’s decision-making?

The results showed that:

1） Children’s decision strategies became more flexible with age, especially from 9- to 11-year -olds.11-year-old children used adaptive strategies depending on task complexity and task demands, and exhibited the characteristics of “adaptive decision-maker”.

2） Children’s decision-making ability increased with age 7 to 11 year, which meant it’s a very important period for children to improve their accuracy of decision -making in the two (noncompensatory and compensatory)tasks.

3） Children’s decision-making time duration decreased with age, especially from 7 to 9 year- old.

4） Older children were more likely than younger children to make decision appropriately by using the noncompensatory and compensatory strategies.

5） Compared with normal children, the 7 to 11-year-old MD children in the present study showed a developmental delayed decision- making skill.