| 摘要 | 儿童气质指先天行为反应方式，是儿童发展的重要个体差异。了解儿童气质对了解其个性特征、预测其未来社会性发展趋势，具有重要理论价值和现实意义。儿童气质成为近年国内外心理学者、儿童教育研究者们重点关注研究领域。Thomas和Chess儿童气质量表是国内外使用较广泛的儿童气质测查工具，分父母评定版和教师评定版。鉴于儿童期言语能力发展限制，目前儿童气质研究主要采用最了解孩子的父母或教师评价的量表法（孙艺凡 等，2021）。本研究选取儿童气质领域开创者Thomas和Chess编写的父母评价儿童气质量表（PTQ）测量学龄前儿童气质的因素结构组成。父母评价的PTQ量表除了反映儿童气质特点之外，还在一定程度上反映了父母关注心目子女行为的程度和期望值。因此，深入分析获得的儿童气质结构、组成因素及题目，就有非常重要的理论意义，特别是比较前后相差20年的PTQ儿童气质量表因素结构，既可以探索儿童气质维度的稳定性，也可从维度结构的变化，间接了解 20年间父母养育观念的变迁。目的：探索父母评价学龄前儿童气质结构的五因素组成；探索父母养育理念变迁影响儿童气质养成的趋势。方法：1173名幼儿园大班儿童父母接受Thomas和Chess的父母评价儿童量表（PTQ）测试。为深入探索儿童气质量表因素结构，本研究对一半被试采用探索性因素分析作先导性分析，再对另一半被试结果进行五个因素结构的验证性因素分析，并分析获得因素结构信度、效度。结果：探索性因素分析得到五个因素儿童气质稳定结构，包括负面情绪、注意力集中、活动水平、灵活性与自控能力、羞怯水平。验证性因素分析运用AMOS统计软件，结果支持探索性因素分析的五因素模型。其中，AMOS主要拟合指数c2/df =2.79, CFI=0.843, TLI= 0.824, GFI=0.876, IFI=0.844, AGFI=0.850, RMSEA=0.060。五因素结构信度、效度分析。对比20年前后父母评价量表测查结果，儿童气质结构在主要因素组成部分一致性稳定基础上，有随社会发展、教育理念变迁呈现局部变化的趋势。结论： 五因素组成的学龄前儿童气质结构较为合理；儿童气质结构因素组成具一定的跨时间稳定性，其主要组成部分随时间变化改变不显著；此外，儿童气质结构在主要因素稳定基础上，伴随父母教育理念的变迁呈现动态变化，提示应根据我国文化、国情的独特属性，发展更具社会适应性、更灵活开放的养育理念和教育方法。 |
| 其他摘要 | Children's temperament refers to the innate behavior response mode, which is an important individual difference in children's development. Understanding children's temperament has important theoretical value and practical significance for understanding their personality characteristics and predicting their future social development trend. Exploring children's temperament has become the focus of psychologists and children's education researchers at home and abroad in recent decades. In view of the limitations of children's speech ability development, the current research on children's temperament mainly adopts the questionnaire method provided by parents or teachers who know the children best (Sun Yifan et al., 2021). In this study, the parents' assessment of children's temperament questionnaire (PTQ) written by Thomas and Chess, pioneers in the field of children's temperament, was selected as a measuring tool to explore the factor structure of preschool children's temperament. The PTQ scale evaluated by parents not only reflects the characteristics of children's temperament, but also reflects parents' concern and expectation of their children's behavior to a certain extent. Therefore, it is of great theoretical significance to make an in-depth analysis of the children's temperament structure, composition factors and topics, especially the comparison of the factor structure of PTQ children's temperament scale with a difference of 20 years before and after. Besides exploring the stability of children's temperament dimension, we can also indirectly understand the changes of parents' parenting ideas in the past 20 years from the changes of dimension structure.Objective: Explore the factors of preschool children's temperament structure evaluated by parents; Explore the influence trend of the change of parents' parenting ideas on children's temperament cultivation.Methods: 1173 parents of children in large kindergarten classes were tested by Thomas and Chess Parental Temperament Questionnaire (PTQ). In order to explore the factor structure of PTQ, exploratory factor analysis (PCA) was used as the pilot analysis for half of the subjects, and the stable structure of five factors was obtained. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis of five factor structures was conducted on the results of the other half of the subjects. The reliability and validity of the obtained factor structure are analyzed.Results: Exploratory factor analysis shows the stable structure of five factors of children's temperament, including negative emotions, attention concentration, activity level, flexibility and self-control ability, and shyness level. The reliability and validity of the five-factor structure were analyzed. Through confirmatory factor test, the analysis results support the 5-factor model of exploratory factor analysis. Amos main fitting index c2/df =2.79, CFI=0.843, TLI= 0.824,GFI=0.876,IFI=0.844, AGFI=0.850, RMSEA=0.060。Comparing the survey results of parents' evaluation questionnaires about 20 years ago and later, it shows that children's temperament structure has a tendency of local change with the social development and the change of educational ideas, based on the stable consistency of main factors. Confirmatory factor analysis uses Amos statistical software.Conclusions: The temperament structure of preschool children composed of five factors is a reasonable structure; The factor composition of children's temperament structure has a certain stability across time, and its main components do not change significantly with time. In addition, on the basis of the stability of main factors, children's temperament structure shows some dynamic changes along with the changes of parents' educational ideas, suggesting that we should develop more socially adaptable, flexible and open parenting ideas and educational methods according to the unique attributes of Chinese culture and national conditions. |
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