社会与工程心理学研究室知识库

铁路企业员工的心理健康关系到铁路运输安全稳定，工作特征是影响个体职业心理健康的重要因素。以往基于工作要求-资源理论的研究表明，工作要求和工作资源与职业倦怠关系密切，但国内的研究缺少针对特定行业的实证研究，并且工作特征影响绩效和心理健康的潜在机制尚不明确。本研究基于工作要求-资源理论设计三个子研究，编制铁路企业员工工作特征问卷，探讨工作特征对绩效和心理健康的影响，并分析基本心理需要对这种影响关系的作用机制。

研究一运用质性研究方法探讨铁路企业员工的工作特征。通过目的抽样和理论抽样，选择 9 个铁路单位的 77 名员工为研究对象进行访谈，确定问卷结构维度和条目，发现铁路企业影响员工工作感受的行业工作特征除了具有普适性特点的职业前景、工作超载等，还有行业特有的业余活动等工作资源。

研究二运用量化研究方法检验工作特征问卷。对工务系统 612名被试进行问卷调查，将回收的有效问卷随机分半为两组，一组进行探索性因素分析，另一组进行验证性因素分析。结果显示：问卷包含工作要求和工作资源两个因子，共14个条目，各条目因子载荷为 0. 761~0. 916，两个因子共解释总方差的 71. 02%，二因素模型拟合良好。

研究三运用量化研究方法探讨工作特征对员工绩效和心理健康的影响，以及基本心理需要的中介作用。在三个地区选取机务、车辆、电务以及供电系统1360名员工进行施测，结果显示：工作要求与职业倦怠和离职意向显著正相关，工作资源与工作绩效和工作满意度显著正相关；基本心理需要在工作特征影响工作绩效和心理健康的过程中起中介作用，但关系、胜任和自主三种基本心理需要的作用有所不同。

本研究编制了铁路企业员工工作特征问卷并检验其信效度；探讨了工作特征影响绩效和心理健康的作用过程，分析了基本心理需要的中介作用。在理论上对工作要求-资源理论进行了检验和拓展，引入动机理论视角理解工作特征作用于结果变量的内在心理机制；在实践上为铁路企业开展员工心理服务提供了更具针对性的工作特征测量问卷，为铁路企业不同业务系统设计更有效的员工心理服务方案提供了实证研究依据。

The mental health of employees in railway enterprises is related to the safety and stability of railway transportation, and the job characteristics are the important factors that affect individual occupational mental health. Previous studies based on Job Demands-Resources theory have shown that job demands and job resources are closely related to job burnout, but domestic studies lack empirical studies on specific industries, and the potential mechanism of job characteristics affecting performance and mental health is still unclear. Based on the Job Demands-Resources theory, this study developed the job characteristics scale of railway enterprises to explore the impact of employees' job characteristics on performance and mental health, and analyzed the mediating effects of basic psychological needs.

In study 1, qualitative research is used to analyze the job characteristics faced by employees in railway enterprises. Purposive and theoretical samplings were used to select 77 employees across 9 railway units as research objects，and interview method was used to conduct qualitative research in order to determine the structural dimensions and items of the questionnaire. The results showed that the industry job characteristics affecting the work feelings of employees in railway enterprises included not only the general characteristics of career prospects and work overload, but also industry-specific leisure activities and other job resources.

In study 2, quantitative research is used to test the job characteristics questionnaire. The 612 subjects selected from the railway maintenance system went through the preliminary test and the questionnaires were randomly divided into two groups, one group was used for exploratory factor analysis and the other group was used for confirmatory factor analysis. The results show: The questionnaire included two factors, job demands and job resources, with a total of 14 items, and the factor loads of each item ranged from 0.761 to 0.916，and the two factors accounted for 71. 02% of the total variance. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fitting of the two-factor model.

In study 3, quantitative research is used to explore the impact of different job characteristics on employee performance and mental health, and the mediating effects of basic psychological needs. 1360 employees of locomotive maintenance，vehicle depot, signal and communication maintenance, and power supply systems were selected in three regions. The results showed that: Job demands were positively correlated with job burnout and turnover intention, and job resources were positively correlated with job performance and job satisfaction; Basic psychological needs play an intermediary role in the process of job characteristics affecting job performance and mental health, but the roles of relatedness, competence and autonomy are different.

This study designed and validated a questionnaire on the job characteristics of railway employees. The questionnaire's validity and reliability were tested. The impact of job characteristics on mental health and performance is examined, with a focus on the mediating role of basic psychological needs. The study theoretically tests and develops the JD-R theory as well as introducing the motivation theory. Practically, the study provides a job characteristics measurement for railway enterprises to carry out employee psychological services, and provides empirical research evidence to design more effective employee psychological services for different business systems.