中国科学院心理健康重点实验室知识库

纯粹接触效应指刺激的重复呈现能增加个体对该刺激的喜好。该研究考察中性和负性情绪的非新异刺激能否产生纯粹接触效应。首先评定挑选出本身不使人产生偏好倾向的中性和负性词对。实验一、二分别以所选中性词和负性词为材料,每个词阈下呈现6次或1次,后进行偏好判断和再认判断。结果发现,对多次接触的中性词,偏好分数显著高于随机水平,再认成绩与随机水平无显著差异;对多次接触的负性词,偏好分数和再认成绩均与随机水平相比无显著差异。研究表明,在阈下呈现的条件下,中性的非新异刺激能产生经典纯粹接触效应,而负性非新异刺激则无此种效应。负性情绪材料纯粹接触效应的这一特异性可用加工水平模型解释。

The mere exposure effect refers to a phenomenon in which people tend to develop a preference for a stimulus merely after repeated exposure to it. Numerous studies have examined the robustness of this effect, with a variety of stimuli. However, most studies used neutral and novel stimuli; few researches found the typical mere exposure effect in initially familiar stimuli. Furthermore, only a few researches used negative stimuli, and the results of those were quite inconsistent. The present study aimed to clarify this issue using neutral and negative Chinese words as stimuli. Also, we investigated whether the mere exposure effect still existed when the stimuli were initially familiar ones. Before the experiments, 35 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students were recruited to help us obtain neutral word-pairs and negative word-pairs separately as stimuli for Experiment 1 and 2. In each pair subjects didn＇t like either of the two words better than the other. In Experiment 1 and 2, two other groups of 30 Chinese undergraduate and graduate participants were separately exposed to neutral （Experiment 1） and negative stimuli （Experiment 2） subliminally. Each word was presented for 14ms, followed by a 30-ms mask. For each pair of words, one word was presented only once, and the other 6 times. After this study phase there was a test phase, in which participants should finish a forced-choice preference/recognition judgment. They were asked to examine each word-pair and to choose the word they liked better （preference judgment） or the word they had seen in exposure phase （recognition judgment） within 2000ms. The results indicated that the recognition scores of neutral words were not significantly different from chance level, and neither were the negative words during the recognition judgment, which indicated that the exposure to stimuli was really subliminal. Repeated neutral exposure led to more liking during the preference judgment, with the preference scores significantly higher than chance level, while repeated negative exposure did not. Therefore, it can be concluded that when the stimuli were initially familiar ones and were presented in a subliminal way, the typical mere exposure effect can only be observed in neutral stimuli rather than negative ones. We used levels-of-processing model to explain the mechanism of this phenomenon in the discussion session.