定义一体化促进老年人联结记忆—认知神经机制及其应用研究

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	定义一体化促进老年人联结记忆—认知神经机制及其应用研究
其他题名	Definition-based Unitization Enhances Associative Memory in Older Adults：Its Cognitive Neural Correlates and Application
	王宝玺
	2014-05
摘要	研究目的：人们的记忆能力随着年龄的增长而逐渐下降，但是老化对不同类型的记忆有着不同的影响。老年人在依赖于回忆性（recollection）的联结记忆能力存在损伤，但是在依赖于熟悉性(familiarity)的项目记忆能力依然保存完好。定义一体化（definition-based unitization）是把两个不相关词整合成一个新概念的过程。研究发现，定义一体化可以促使青年人做出基于熟悉的联结再认。那么，定义一体化能否帮助老年人利用保留较好的熟悉性补偿依赖于回忆性的联结记忆损伤？本论文通过三个研究对此问题进行了探讨。研究一利用事件相关脑电位(event related potential, ERP)技术探讨定义一体化能否减少年龄相关的联结记忆损伤及其提取阶段的神经机制。研究二在记忆编码阶段使用项目分心（divided attention with item processing）和关系分心（divided attention with relational processing）任务，考察不同类型的注意资源对定义一体化编码的影响，进一步探究定义一体化编码的认知加工过程。研究三通过对老年人进行定义法的编码策略训练，探索定义法的记忆训练是否能够减少老年人联结记忆的损伤，并与传统的造句法训练开展比较。研究结果:研究一发现，在行为成绩上发现定义一体化减少了年龄相关的联结记忆损伤。从ERP指标上发现了老年人的前额新-旧效应和顶叶新-旧效应在定义和造句编码条件下出现了双重分离：即老年人在定义条件有前额新旧效应，而无顶叶新旧效应；与此相反，在造句条件下，无前额新旧效应，而有顶叶新旧效应。研究二发现，在定义条件下,项目分心影响了定义一体化的编码，从而导致了联结记忆成绩的降低，而关系分心没有影响定义一体化的编码。研究三发现，从整体上看，定义法和传统的造句法训练都能提高老年人的联结记忆成绩。从个体的角度看，语言能力不同的被试从不同的记忆训练中获益存在差异。研究结论: 定义一体化的编码能够减少年龄相关的联结记忆损伤,老年人在通过定义一体化编码后可依赖于熟悉性进行联结再认。定义一体化编码过程是把两个不相关词整合成一个新的概念进行表征的过程。定义法和传统的造句法的训练都可以提高老年人联结记忆成绩，但是不同语言能力的老年人从定义法和造句法的训练中获益情况不同。语言能力高的老年人能够更多从定义法训练获益，而语言能力低的老年人则能够更多从造句法训练获益。
其他摘要	Objective: While memory generally declines with increasing age, aging has varied effects on different types of memory. Older adults have impaired associative memory that depends on recollection, whereas they reserve relatively intact item memory that depends on familiarity. The Definition-based unitization refers to the process that participants encode the word pair with unrelated nouns into a new single concept representation. Previous studies have demonstrated that definition-based unitization enhance familiarity-based associative recognition in younger adults. It is not clear whether older adults can also benefit from the implementation of definition-based unitization by using their reserved familiarity to compensate for age-related associative memory deficit. In this dissertation, to discern this issue three studies were carried out. The first study aimed to examine whether definition-based unitization would reduce age-related associative memory deficit and its underlying neural mechanism by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) during retrieval. The second study focused on the cognitive process of definition-based unitized encoding. Item and relation distraction tasks were employed during encoding to investigate how they differently affected the unitized encoding. The third study investigated whether definition memory training would reduce associative memory deficit in older adults in comparison with not only a no-training control group, but also a traditional sentence-completion training group. Results：In study one, behavioral results showed definition-based unitization reduced age-related associative memory deficit. A double dissociation of frontal old/new effect and parietal old/new effect was observed under definition and sentence conditions in older adults, specifically, definition condition only induced frontal old/new effect but not parietal old/new effect, whereas sentence-completing condition induced parietal old/new effect but not frontal old/new effect. In study two, divided attention with item processing has impaired unitized encoding. However, the divided attention with relational processing had no influence on unitized encoding. In study three, both training groups performed better than the control group after training. Moreover, the training gains were associated with verbal abilities of the participants. Those with higher verbal ability benefited more from unitized definition training, while those with lower verbal ability benefited more from sentence-completion training. From group level perspective, memory training using the method of definition and traditional sentence-making both improved associative memory performance in older adults. Form the individual level perspective, training benefit for the older adults from different method showed individual differences in verbal ability. Conclusion: Definition-based unitization reduced age-related association memory deficit. The mechanisms might be that definition involves the process that participants encode the word pair of unrelated nouns into a single concept representation, which facilitated familiarity-based retrieval for associative recognition. Definition-based memory training was effective for improving elders’ associative memory performance, and results training gains were positively correlated with their verbal abilities.
学科领域	发展与教育心理学
关键词	一体化定义联结记忆老化记忆训练
学位类型	博士
语种	中文
学位专业	心理学
学位授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
学位授予地点	北京
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/19686
专题	认知与发展心理学研究室
作者单位	中国科学院心理研究所
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	王宝玺. 定义一体化促进老年人联结记忆—认知神经机制及其应用研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院,2014.

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