认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

情绪调节是指个体如何影响、控制、体验和表达情绪，包括外显和内隐情绪调节。认知重评和表达抑制分别是两种代表性的外显情绪调节策略。内隐情绪调节是由刺激自动诱发的、目标驱动的情绪调节，启动任务可以有效的激活被试的情绪调节目标，减弱被试的情绪体验和生理反应。焦虑障碍被认为是一种情绪障碍，本质上是一种情绪调节的异常。焦虑症状与情绪调节能力的缺损往往相互影响：一方面，较差的情绪调节效果常与个体较高的焦虑水平有关；另一方面，个体的情绪失调是焦虑症状发展和维持的一个重要原因，情绪调节能力可以预测一段时间后的焦虑症状严重程度。
本论文通过两个研究来探讨焦虑个体在外显情绪调节和内隐情绪调节的神经机制。研究一比较高、低焦虑个体在使用认知重评和表达抑制时的神经机制，结果发现两种策略都可以减小个体主观报告的负性情绪体验；对低焦虑个体而言，认知重评和表达抑制都减小早期P2，增大中期N2，减小晚期LPP（late positivepotential）的波幅；虽然认知重评和表达抑制都可以增大高焦虑个体的N2波幅，但两种策略都不改变早期P2；表达抑制可以减小晚期LPP，而认知重评不行。研究二考察高、低焦虑个体在内隐情绪调节时的神经机制。首先实验二采用新创的PI（Priming-Identify）任务，验证该范式研究内隐情绪调节的有效性，并考察健康人群内隐情绪调节的神经机制，结果发现启动控制情绪和表达情绪都可以减少负性情绪体验，并且两种启动都可增大早期N170的波幅，但对P2和P3的波幅没有影响。实验三继续采用PI任务研究焦虑个体内隐情绪调节的神经机制，结果发现虽然控制情绪和表达情绪的启动目标不能减小负性情绪体验，但低焦虑个体的内隐情绪调节仍旧可以增大N170的波幅，但对P2和P3波幅没有影响；高焦虑个体在启动控制情绪和表达情绪条件下的N170、P2、P3波幅均为改变。
综合以上，本论文的研究结果表明，焦虑个体的外显和内隐情绪调节都存在缺损：认知重评和表达抑制都无法调节焦虑个体早期对情绪信息的在自动加工，认知重评也不减小晚期对情绪刺激的资源分配；启动控制情绪和表达情绪的目标，焦虑个体都无法将注意集中于对刺激的非情绪属性的加工上。

Emotion regulation refers to how individuals influence, control, experience, and express their emotions, which contains explicit emotion regulation and implicit emotion regulation. Cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression were thought to be the two representative explicit emotion regulation strategies. Implicit emotion regulation a kind of automatically operated goal-driven emotion regulation. Priming tasks can validly active the emotion regulation goals and lead to less emotional experience and physiological responses. Anxiety Disorder was thought to be one kind of emotional disorders with emotion dysregulation essentially. Anxious symptomsshowed a closed connection with the dysregulation of their emotions. On one hand, the maladaptive emotion regulation was associated with high level of anxiety. On the other hand, emotion dysregulation mightbe one of the reasons of the generation, development and maintenance of anxiety disorder. Emotion dysregulation in Anxiety Disorderpredictedthe anxiety symptom severityafter several months.
The present study focused on the neutal mechanism of explicit and implicit emotion regulation in anxious individuals. In Study 1, HTA (high trait anxiety) and LTA (low trait anxiety) individulas were required to adopted cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression to modulate theirnegative emotions, the ERPcomponents in the early(P2), middle(N2), and late(LPP)stagesof emotional processing were recordedat the same time. The results revealed that both cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression strategies reduced the self-reported emotional experience, for both HTA and LTA. For LTA only, compared with passive viewing negative pictures, both cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression attenuated theP2 and LPPamplitudes, but enhanced theN2amplitude. For HTA, both cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression did not modulated the early P2，cognitive reappraisal did not modulate the LPPamplitude as expression suppression.
In Study 2, we first adopted the new PI (Priming-Identify) task to investigate the neural mechanism of implicit emotion regulation in heathy individuals. The results demonstrated that both priming emotion control and emotion expression reduced the
subjective ratings of negative emotional experience. We found a priming effect on N170 amplitude, both priming emotion control and emotion expression induced a larger N170, compared to priming unrelated words. But the priming conditions did not modulate the P2and P3 amplitudes.
Then in Study 3, we adopted this PI task in HTA and LTA to figure out how anxiety influence the implicit emotion regulation processing. The results showed that although both priming emotion control and emotion expression did not modulate the subjective emotional experience, there was still a priming effect on the N170. However, the priming effect on N170 was only showed in LTA, the priming conditions did notinfluence the N170 amplitudes in HTA. The P2 and P3 amplitudes were not modulated by the priming conditions in both groups.
Taken together, the results in the present study demonstrated that anxiety individulas showed a dysfunction in both explicit and implicit emotion regulation. For anxiety individulas, both cognitive control and expression suppression strategies did not modulate the automatic attentional processing for emotional informations in the early stage processing,and only expression suppressioncould reduce the cognitive resources allocation in the late stage processing. While operating implicit emotion regulation, both priming emotion control and emotion expression did not bais the attentional resources tothe automatically processing of non-emotional aspects.