中国科学院心理健康重点实验室知识库

摘要： 心理痛苦是一种主观体验，主要来自于受挫的心理需求。其特征是对自我及其功能的消极变化的感知，伴随着强烈的消极情绪。心理痛苦常与心理健康水平下降有关，被认为是自杀过程的核心，更高的心理痛苦水平与自杀意念和自杀行为密切相关。因此，对心理痛苦的测量评估在门诊筛查、临床治疗、危机干预中有着重要作用。为了提高心理痛苦的识别和自杀风险预测的准确性，经过二十多年的应用与发展，已有十余种测量心理痛苦的方法可以纳入临床风险评估。传统的评估方法较多基于Shneidman对心理痛苦的定义及其自杀理论，用于测量心理痛苦的强度和频率。近年来自杀模型和理论的发展，为心理痛苦的评估提供了新的视角和理论基础。最新的评估方式趋向于更简短、便利的操作，或呈现心理痛苦的具体临床特征。此外，主题统觉测试、视觉模拟量表、疾病和自我的图示表征测量、结构化访谈等形式，弥补了自我报告的局限性。未来可以进一步结合神经生物技术，移动互联网等手段进行评估，同时考虑在特殊人群和跨文化群体等多元环境中的应用。

Psychological pain is a subjective experience, mainly from the psychological needs of frustration. It is characterized by the perception of negative changes in self and its functions, accompanied by strong negative emotions. Psychological pain is often associated with the decline of mental health, which is considered to be the core of the suicide process. A higher level of psychological pain is closely related to suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior. Therefore, the measurement and evaluation of psychological pain plays an important role in outpatient screening, clinical treatment and crisis intervention. In order to improve the recognition of psychological pain and the accuracy of suicide risk prediction, after more than 20 years of application and development, more than 10 methods of measuring psychological pain can be included in clinical risk assessment. The traditional assessment methods are mostly based on Shneidman ’s definition of psychological pain and suicide theory, which are used to measure the intensity and frequency of psychological pain. In recent years, the development of suicide model and theory provides a new perspective and theoretical basis for the assessment of psychological pain. The latest assessment methods tend to be shorter and more convenient, or present the specific clinical characteristics of psychological pain. In addition, thematic apperception test, visual analogue scale, pictorial representation of illness and self measure and structured interview make up for the limitations of self-report. In the future, the assessment can be further combined with neurobiology, mobile internet and other means, while considering the application in diverse environments such as special populations and cross-cultural groups.