| 其他摘要 | Uncertainty in life poses a challenge for people to achieve their goals effectively. How does uncertainty affect human efforts to achieve goals? First, what is the relationship between effort and reward? The intuitive concept of effort pervades all areas of human information processing. Effort is the intensity of mental or physical effort undertaken by an organism to achieve an outcome. Effort is a volitional and intentional process. Effort is the process, and performance is the outcome. The cognitive task index reflects the paying how much effort. The environmental uncertainty affects whether the effort yields outcome.
The expected Value of Control(EVC)theory describes this phenomenon as efficacy that partially reflects the correlation between effort and reward. From the collective work of cells, to the symbiotic behavior of ants, to the social groups of humans, organisms work together for common or reciprocal benefits. However, whether social peers contribute positively to collective outcomes is unknown. The final outcome does not depend solely on individual behavior but is also influenced by others. The involvement of others introduces a form of social uncertainty. People need to focus on both the efficacy of their own efforts and the influence of others in social contexts on outcomes. Social and non-social uncertainties influence the ultimate collective reward. The efficacy and social context jointly regulate human efforts to achieve goals.
Focusing on the uncertainty in people's effort, this thesis examines how efficacy (the association between self-performance and outcome) and social context (the association between others' performance and outcome) affect adaptive effort at both the nonsocial and social levels. This study examined the following questions based on behavior, EEG, and the drift diffusion model: 1) What is the effect of efficacy and social context on effort? (Study I); 2) What are the neural characteristics of effective-motivated efforts over time. and how do these characteristics relate to performance (Study II) ?
In Study I, we found that social context moderates efforts based on efficacy, which showed that social context reduces the effect of efficacy on effort. Compared with the social context, the difference of correct response time in the non-social situation was greater in the high and low efficacy conditions. Social context did not affect feedback-based adjustment of effort. However, efficacy and reward feedback interact to affect adjustment of effort. Compared with the low-efficacy condition, the low reward in the high-efficacy condition promotes the adjustment of overall effort and stability of effort. Moreover, self-other performance feedback from the social context influenced the adjustment of effort. Participants made adjustments based more on their own performance feedback, including overall effort and effort stability.
Study II found that people regulate goal-directed effort by modulating the state of readiness. Consistent with previous studies, the present study verified two key neural features of preparedness: 1) target-CNV, and 2) beta oscillations, and both indicators were greater in high efficacy contexts. Building on previous research, we further found that CNV predicts not only the improvement in overall effort but also in the effort stability or termed sustained effort. Through Bayesian Multilevel Mediation Analysis, we developed a model of the time course. First, the preparation ( proactive control) predicts the regulation of effort by efficacy. Second, people maintain high-quality performance by varying the drift rate and decision boundary. Importantly, the CNV and p oscillations of the preparation affect effort stability by modulating the drift rate of the execution process.
In addition, Study II found that the interaction of efficacy and reward feedback plays a role in behavioral adjustment. In the high efficacy condition, the low reward feedback in the previous round promotes the adjustment of overall effort and effort stability. fb-P3b interacts with reward feedback and influences effort stability. The smaller the fb-P3b, the more adjustments in effort stability. The trend for high and low reward feedback is reversed. When receiving high reward in the previous round, the smaller the fb-P3b, the lower the stability in the next round. In contrast, when receiving low reward in the previous round, the smaller the fb-P3b, the greater the stability in the next round.
In summary, this study explored the mechanisms by which nonsocial and social uncertainty affects people's goal-directed effort. The results of two studies could provide insights into adaptive effort in social interactions, including how to adjust effort in social contexts by changing readiness and providing reward feedback, as well as self-other-performance feedback. |
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