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越努力越好吗?创造力评估的 “努力悖论 ”
其他题名Does Effort Always Pay Off? The “Effort Paradox” in Creativity Evaluation
周意勇
导师白新文
2021-06
摘要创造力与创新对于个体和组织长足发展至关重要,从创意产生到转化为创新效能,期间包含了创造力的识别这一重要阶段。为了识别出真正有创新潜力的创意或人员,评价者会参考各种情景线索来辅助判断。其中,努力程度既是创意和产品质量的基本保证,也是评价个体能力水平的重要标杆,对评价结果的影响举足轻重。据此,本研究提出创造力评估的 “努力悖论 ”这一新现象:努力水平对于创意评估和创造者评估存在截然相反的效应,评价者认可努力能够带来创造性成果,但为此付出很大努力的创造者却被视为能力不足。 迄今为止,尚未有研究直接检验努力悖论是否存在,更缺乏对其产生机制的探讨。基于内隐理论,本研究认为,努力悖论之所以存在,是因为努力线索在不同评估对象上所引发的内隐联想存在差异:当评估对象是创意时,评价者关注其质量和价值,努力水平激活个体 的价值信念;当评价创造者时,则关注其能力和潜力,努力水平激发个体的能力信念。 为确定努力悖论是否存在,首先通过两个研究对努力水平和评估对象(创意产品和创造者)的交互作用进行了探讨。研究一( n = 126)通过 2×2的组间实验设计,操纵努力水平和评估对象,让被试随机在高 低努力条件下完成对创意产品或创造者的评价任务。结果发现,努力水平与评估对象的交互效应显著:努力水平会提高人们对创意产品的评价,但会降低对创造者的评价,表现出一种评价 “悖论 ”。研究二( n = 156)用另一种方式操纵努力水平,并剥离了叠加效应发现努力悖论仍然存在,研究一的结果得到交叉验证。 基于内隐理论,研究三及研究四揭示导致努力悖论的内在机制。研究三(n = 230)探讨评估者的努力 能力信念如何影响创造者评估的结果。采用中介过程的调节作用设计思路,测量个体的努力 能力信念,研究结果发现能力信念、努力水平 和评价对象的三阶交互效应显著,当评价者 激活高 固着型能力信念时(相较于成长型能力信念),高努力条件下的创造者的能力评价更低,创意产品的价值评价则没有受到显著影响。这证实了能力信念 激活 是努力悖论的产生机制,且主要创造者能力的消极评价中的解释机制。 研究四(n = 324)探究评估者的努力 价值信念如何影响创意产品评价的结果。同样采用中介过程的调节作用设计,操纵评估者的努力-价值信念。研究结果发现价值信念、努力水平和评价对象的三阶交互显著,当评价者激活高-价值信念时(相较于低-价值信念),高努力条件下的创意产品的价值评价更高,创造者的能力评价没有显著影响。这证实了能力信念是努力悖论的产生机制,且主要是创意产品的增益效益中的解释机制。 综上,本研究基于内隐理论发现并验证了努力线索在社会评价过程中存在的“悖论”,其意义在于:提出和验证了创造力评价的“努力悖论”这一新现象、提供了努力的内隐视角借鉴、建立努力有关价值和能力的两个研究派系的联系。从实践来看,本研究对创造者如何提高其创意销售的成功率、说服专业投资人有着重要启示。
其他摘要Creativity and innovation are essential to the rapid development of individuals and organizations. From idea generation to transformation into innovation effectiveness, during which creativity recognition plays a vital role. To accurately recognize ideas or people with true innovation potential, evaluators refer to a variety of situational cues before making decision. Effort, as an important cue, will affect both the evaluation of creativity and product quality, as well as the evaluation of individual capabilities. In view of this, “Effort Paradox” in creativity evaluation is proposed here: evaluators acknowledge that effort can obtain and enhance creative output, but creators who put a lot of effort into it are perceived by evaluators as not competent. In other words, effort has the opposite effect on creation assessment and creator assessment. At the same level of creativity, effort raises the assessment score of creativity but lowers the assessment score of creators. Although occasionally daily observations and preliminary evidence suggest that “Effort Paradox” may exist, no research has been conducted to directly test its existence or to explore its mechanisms. Based on implicit theory, this study argues that the effort paradox exists because there are differences in the implicit associations triggered by effort cues on different targets: when evaluating ideas or products, the evaluator focuses on their quality and value, which links effort cues to value belief; but when evaluating creators, the evaluator focuses on their ability and potential, which links effort cues to ability belief. Based on an implicit framework, this study aims to investigate the existence of “Effort Paradox”, and to explore the mechanisms by which implicit beliefs about effort play a role. In order to determine the influence pattern of effort on creativity evaluation, the first two studies aimed to explore the interactions between Effort and Target (creation and creator) on creativity evaluation. Study 1 (n = 126) was conducted through a 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design, by manipulating effort levels and different targets. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the effort conditions and then completed an evaluation task on the creative product or creator. The results revealed a significant interaction effect between effort and target: effort level increased the evaluation of the creation but decreased the evaluation of the creator, showing a “paradox”. Study 2 (n = 156) separated the overlapping effect of effort manipulation on two targets. A two by two comparison of the three groups with different effort levels revealed that the effort paradox still exists. Thus, the effort paradox was cross validated in two studies. Based on implicit theory, Study 3 and Study 4 aim to reveal the mechanisms underlying the “Effort Paradox”. Specifically, Study 3 (n = 230) explores how evaluators' intelligence beliefs influence their assessment on creator. The study used the Moderation of process design, and found a significant third order interaction effect of ability beliefs, effort levels, and target on evaluation process. Specifically, when evaluators held fixed beliefs (vs. growth beliefs), creators in the high effort condition had lower score. This confirms the mediating mechanism of ability beliefs in evaluating creators' negative processes. Study 4 (n = 324) explored how evaluators' value beliefs affect their assessment on creative outputs. Study 4 used a 2×2×2 three-factor between-subjects experimental design by additionally manipulating two types of value beliefs. The results of the study found significant third-order interactions for value beliefs, effort levels, and targets. Specifically, when evaluators held a high value belief (vs. low value belief), creative products in the high-effort condition had higher scores. This confirms the mediating mechanism of value beliefs in the gaining benefits of creative products. In summary, a new phenomenon called “Effort Paradox” in the social judgement was defined and verified in the current study. The contributions are listed as follows: proposing and verifying a new phenomenon of “effort paradox” in creativity evaluation, providing an implicit perspective of effort for creativity evaluation process, and establishing a link between two research streams of effort. Practically, this study has important implications for how creators can improve the success rate of their ideas selling and convince professional investors.
关键词创造力评价 努力悖论 内隐理论 能力信念 价值信念
学位类型硕士
语种中文
学位名称理学硕士
学位专业应用心理学
学位授予单位中国科学院心理研究所
学位授予地点中国科学院心理研究所
文献类型学位论文
条目标识符https://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/39599
专题社会与工程心理学研究室
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
周意勇. 越努力越好吗?创造力评估的 “努力悖论 ”[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院心理研究所,2021.
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