未来取向是青少年的重要发展任务之一，既影响着青少年的未来规划也影响着青少年在当下的学习状态。青少年的未来取向发展需要父母的帮助，而青春期的青少年容易因为父母的控制与父母产生冲突，关于父母控制对青少年未来取向的影响的研究还存在不足。因此父母控制如何影响青少年未来取向是一个值得探讨的问题。
本研究旨在揭示父母控制与未来取向之间的关系和影响机制。在生态系统理论(Ecological Systems Theory)指导下，结合期望价值理论(Expectancy-Value Theory)以及诸多自我认知理论构建了本研究的理论框架。本研究采用问卷调查法对北京一所中学初中三个年级的423名学生进行调查，使用含有未来取向量表，父母控制量表，核心自我评价量表，乐观倾向量表的问卷进行数据收集。根据不同的研究子目的和分析方法，将研究内容分为了两个研究。研究一通过结构方程模型考察父母控制与未来取向的关系，并验证核心自我评价和乐观倾向在其间的中介作用;研究二通过路径分析考察了父亲和母亲在父母控制与未来取向三个维度的影响路径上的差异。主要获得如下结果:
第一，父母行为控制显著正向预测青少年未来取向，父母心理控制显著负向预测青少年未来取向。
第二，父母行为控制通过青少年核心自我评价和乐观倾向的链式中介作用积极影响青少年未来取向。
第三，父母心理控制通过青少年核心自我评价和乐观倾向的链式中介作用消极影响青少年未来取向。
第四，父亲和母亲的不同角色在控制行为对未来取向的影响机制中有路径上的差异。父亲的行为控制区别与母亲的行为控制，可通过提升青少年核心自我评价促进未来取向发展。母亲的心理控制区别与父亲的心理控制，会通过降低青少年乐观倾向阻碍未来取向发展。
本研究结论为，保持适当父母行为控制，减少和避免父母心理控制，有助于提升青少年的核心自我评价和乐观倾向，从而促进青少年的未来取向健康发展。父亲和母亲的控制行为对未来取向有不同的影响路径。提升父亲的行为控制、减少母亲的心理控制，更有利于青少年树立健康的核心自我评价，保持良好的乐观倾向，从而促进青少年未来取向健康发展。这些发现可以为父母养育实践和青少年干预项目提供参考。
其他摘要
Future orientation is one of the important development tasks for young people, which affects their future planning as well as their current learning state. Teenagers' future orientation development needs the help of their parents, and adolescents are prone to conflict with their parents because of their parents' control. The research on the influence of parental control on adolescents' future orientation is still insufficient. Therefore, how parental control affects adolescents' future orientation is a problem worthy of discussion.
The purpose of this stu即was to reveal the relationship and mechanism between parental control and future orientation. Under the guidance of the Ecological Systems Theory, combining the Expectancy Value Theories and several self-cognition theories, the theoretical framework of this study was constructed. 423 junior middle school students of three grades in a middle school in Beijing were investigated by questionnaire，including the future orientation scale, parental control scale, core self- evaluation scale and dispositional optimism scale. According to different research purposes and analysis methods, the research content is divided into two studies. In study 1，we examined the relationship between parental control and future orientation through
structural equation model, and verified the mediating role of core self-evaluation and optimistic orientation; In study 2, through path analysis, we examined the differences between father and mother in the influence paths of the three dimensions of parental control and future orientation. The main results are as follows:
(1) Parental behavior control significantly positively predicted adolescents' future orientation, while parental psychological control significantly negatively predicted adolescents' future orientation.
(2) Parental behavior control positively affects adolescents' future orientation through the chain mediation of adolescents' core self-evaluation and optimistic tendencies.
(3) Parental psychological control negatively affects adolescents' future orientation through the chain mediation of adolescents' core self-evaluation and optimistic tendencies.
(4) The different roles of father and mother have different paths in the influence mechanism of control behavior on future orientation. Paternal behavior control, other than maternal behavior control, can promote the development of future orientation by improving teenagers' core self-evaluation. Maternal psychological control, other than paternal psychological control, will hinder the development of future orientation by reducing the dispositional optimistic of teenagers.
The conclusion of this study is that maintaining appropriate parental behavior control, reducing and avoiding parental psychological control will help to enhance the core self-evaluation and optimistic tendency of adolescents, thus promoting the healthy development of adolescents' future orientation. Paternal and maternal control behaviors have different influence paths on future orientation. Improving paternal behavior control and reducing maternal psychological control are more conducive to teenagers to establish a healthy core self-evaluation, maintain a good dispositional optimistic, and thus promote the healthy development of adolescents' future orientation. These findings can provide reference for parents' rearing practice and adolescent intervention projects.
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