| 摘要 | 摘 要近年来很多家长面对孩子的教育十分焦虑，而采用不良的教养方式导致了亲子关系紧张，青少年身心健康也受到了严重威胁。正念教养被证明可以缓解父母焦虑并可以促进青少年身心健康。但是对正念教养如何影响青少年身心健康的解释并无定论，测量方法忽视子女感受，对个人长期未来成就的影响及更长期的代际传递影响也没有进行过探索。从横断研究和纵向研究去探索正念教养的影响有利于对正念教养更全面的了解。目的：探讨父母正念教养水平与子女身心健康的关系，以及对于子女未来个人成就的预测效应。方法：本文共包括4项研究。研究一探索父母正念教养水平与青少年子女身心健康水平关系，并探索基本心理需求在二者关系中的中介效应。研究二比较不同教养水平评估方式（父母评估、子女评估）与子女身心健康水平关系。研究一和研究二采用简单抽样方法调查258对初一学生及家长。家长填写家长自评正念养育问卷和正念觉知量表，学生填写基本心理需求满意与挫败度量表和90项症状清单及学生评价家长正念教养水平的正念养育问卷。研究三探索不同教养方式（正念教养、鸡娃教养）与其子女未来成就和身心健康关系。研究四调查教养方式代际传递效应。研究三和研究四对520名11-16岁青少年家长做问卷调查。家长填写正念教养问卷、鸡娃程度调查表、幸福感指数量表、内隐能力理论量表和正念五因素量表。除此外家长(二代父母)回忆其青少年时期父母（一代父母）对自己的正念教养水平以及鸡娃程度并填写评价自己父母的正念教养问卷和鸡娃程度调查表。所有问卷均采用问卷星系统自动回收。结果：研究一：正念教养通过满足子女基本心理需求促进子女身心健康。具体来说，父母对青少年子女的正念教养水平与青少年SCL-90各因子均分显著负相关(r = -0.187, p < 0.05)。父母正念教养水平与青少年自主感、关爱感、能力感显著正相关(r = 0.415, 0.276, 0.332, 均p <0.05)。青少年自主感、关爱感、能力感与SCL-90各因子均分显著负相关(r = -0.532, -0.501, -0.545, 均P <0.05)。子女基本心理需求在父母正念教养水平与子女健康水平之间起中介作用(χ2/df =2.461, CFI=0.983, TLI=0.962, RMSEA=0.075, SRMR=0.029)。研究二：采用子女评价父母正念教养水平的测量方式对子女身心健康影响更大。具体来说，父母评价正念教养水平与子女评价正念教养水平显著正相关(r = 0.615, P < 0.05)；父母评价正念教养水平与子女评价正念教养水平差值绝对值与子女SCL-90各因子均分正相关(r = 0.171, p< 0.05)；子女评价的正念教养水平对子女的回归显著(r = -0.329, p< 0.05)。研究三：青少年时期父母的正念教养水平正向预测成年子女的学历、收入、幸福感和成长型思维；而父母鸡娃程度只与成年子女收入和幸福感正相关且相关性较弱。具体来说，子女青少年时期其父母正念教养水平与子女成年后的学历、收入、幸福感均显著正相关(β= 0.103, 0.101, 0.352,均p<0.05)，与能力观信念显著负相关(β= -0.287, p< 0.05)；父母“鸡娃”程度只与子女成年后收入和幸福感正相关(β= 0.110, 0.138, 均p <0.05)。研究四：子女青少年时期其父母鸡娃程度越低，或者成年子女正念描述水平越高，子女改善低正念教养水平代际传递越多。具体来说，成年子女（二代父母）与其父母（一代父母）的正念教养水平差值与父母(一代父母)鸡娃程度负相关(r = -0.189, p< 0.05)，与子女（二代父母）正念描述因素正相关(r = 0.09, p<0.05)。结论：正念教养对青少年短期的基本心理需求满足和身心健康具有积极影响，对长期的未来成就包括成年子女的学历、收入、幸福感、成长型思维具有积极影响，同时对更长期的代际传递也具有积极影响，是非常好的教养方式，值得提倡和推广。 |
| 其他摘要 | AbstractIn recent years, many parents have been very anxious about their children's education, and using the bad parenting style leads to a bad relationship between the parents and their children, meanwhile the physical and mental health of teenagers is also seriously threatened. Mindful parenting has been proved to relieve parents' anxiety and promote teenagers' physical and mental health. However, the explanation of how mindful parenting affects teenagers' physical and mental health is inconclusive, and the measurement method ignores children's feelings. The influence of mindful parenting on personal long-term future achievements and the longer-term intergenerational transmission has not been explored. Exploring the influence of mindful parenting from cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is conducive to a more comprehensive understanding of mindful parenting.Objective: To explore the relationship between parents' mindful parenting level and their children's physical and mental health, as well as the predictive effect on children's future achievements.Methods: There are four researches in this article. Research 1 explored the relationship between parents' Mindful Parenting Level and their adolescent children's physical and mental health, and explored the mediating effect of basic psychological needs in the relationship between them. In Research 2, the relationship between different assessment methods (parents’ assessment and children’s assessment) of parenting level and adolescents’ physical and mental health level is compared. In Research 1 and Research 2, the simple sampling method was adopted to survey 258 pairs of junior school freshmen and parents. The parents filled in self-evaluated Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and the students filled in Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale and Symptom Check List 90 and Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire in which the students evaluated the parents’ mindful parenting level. In Research 3, the relationship between parents’ different parenting styles (mindful parenting and kids inspiring) and their children’s future achievements and physical and mental health are explored. In Research 4, the intergenerational transmission effect of the parenting styles is surveyed. In Research 3 and Research 4, the questionnaire was conducted for 520 parents of adolescents at the age of 11-16. Parents needed to fill in Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale, Inspiring kids Degree Questionnaire, Index of Well-Being, Implicit Theories of Intelligence Scale, and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Moreover, parents needed to recall the mindful parenting level and inspiring kids’ degree of their parents at their adolescence and fill in Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale and Inspiring kids Degree Questionnaire on evaluating their parents. All questionnaires were automatically collected by the Questionnaire Star system.Results: Research 1: Mindful parenting can further meet their psychological needs, then improving the physical and mental health of adolescents. Specifically, parents’ mindful parenting level was negatively correlated with adolescents’ health symptoms in r = -0.187, p < 0.05, but affected in a positive way the adolescents’ basic psychological needs of autonomy, relatedness and competence with r = 0.415, 0.276, 0.332, all p<0.05, which was in a negative correlation with the health symptoms(r = -0.532, -0.501,-0.545, all p<0.05). The mediating analysis, supported by the model (χ2 / df = 2.461, CFI = 0.983, TLI = 0.962, RMSEA = 0.075, SRMR = 0.029), shows that the basic psychological needs can play a mediating role in parents’ mindful parenting and adolescents’ health symptoms to a certain extent. Research 2: The mindful parenting level from the evaluation of adolescents exerts the most influence on health symptoms of adolescents. Specifically, there exists positive correlation between the mindful parenting level from the evaluation of parents and the mindful parenting level from the evaluation of adolescents (r = 0.615, p < 0.05) and there also exists positive correlation between the difference value of the mindful parenting level from the evaluation of parents and the mindful parenting level from the evaluation of adolescents and health symptoms of adolescents (r = 0.171, p < 0.05). Moreover, the mindful parenting level from the evaluation of adolescents exerts the most influence on health symptoms of adolescents (r = -0.329, p < 0.05).Research 3: The mindful parenting level of parents in adolescence positively predicted the education, income, well-being and growth mindset after adolescents grow into adults, while the inspiring kids’ degree of parents in adolescence is only positively predicted the income and well-being of Adult children. Specifically, there exists significantly positive correlation between the mindful parenting level of parents and the education background, income and well-being after adolescents grow into adults (β = 0.103, 0.101, 0.352, all p <0.05) and there exists significantly negative correlation between the mindful parenting level of parents and individual’s mindset after adolescents grow into adults (β= -0.287, p < 0.05). The inspiring kids degree of parents is positively relevant to the income and well-being of Adult children (β= 0.110, 0.138, all p <0.05). Research 4: The lower the inspiring kids’ degree of parents is, or the higher the mindful description level of grow-up adolescents is, the more intergenerational transmission of adolescents improving low mindful parenting level is. Specifically, there exists negative correlation between the difference value of the mindful parenting levels of grown-up adolescents (the second generation parents) and their parents (the first generation parents) and inspiring kids degree of parents(the first generation parents)(r = -0.189, p < 0.05) and there exists positive correlation between the difference value of the mindful parenting levels of grown-up adolescents and their parents and mindful description factor of grown-up adolescents(the second generation parents)(r = 0.09, p <0.05). Conclusions: Mindful parenting has a positive impact on the short-term effects of adolescents, including the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and physical and mental health. It has a positive impact on long-term future achievements, including education, income, well-being and growth mindset. At the same time, it also has a positive impact on the intergenerational transmission of a more long-term positive parenting style. It is a very good parenting style, which is worthy of advocation and promotion. |
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