中国科学院心理研究所机构知识库

党的二十大报告强调“坚持为党育人、为国育才，全面提高人才自主培养质量，着力造就拔尖创新人才”。超常儿童是我国拔尖创新人才的重要来源和国家战略性人力稀缺资源，是拔尖创新人才培养的主要后备力量，加强和优化发展新时代超常儿童教育是我国实现人才自主培养、建成人才强国、解决科技“卡脖子”问题的关键环节。回顾四十余年来中国科学院心理研究所关于超常儿童心理发展特点及其机制、测评选拔、教育模式及超常教育效果评估等基础研究和应用研究发现：我国超常儿童研究协作组对天才儿童发展进行了系列追踪研究和教育实践，其结果与美国心理学家从1972年发起的追踪研究一致，即儿童发展早期的高潜能可以显著预测其未来杰出的创造性成就、专业领导力、生活满意度等；超常儿童的认知优势主要体现在高难度和具有挑战性的任务，尤其是那些需要更多创造性思维的任务；超常儿童认知能力在超常教育体系下比普通教育体系下发展得更好，充实教育模式中超常儿童的负性情绪（焦虑、抑郁和孤独）和普通教育中超常儿童及常态儿童相当，发展模式相似。基于基础研究研发的超常儿童鉴别的认知、非智力和创造力测评工具，以及在国内探索的加速、充实、跳级和弹性学制等超常教育模式，均取得了较好效果。梳理以往研究得出如下结论：超常儿童的早期发现和培养不但必要而且可行。天才儿童具备了发展成为拔尖创新人才的可能性，适当的教育和环境是实现这种可能性的重要条件；相反，如果不能提供相应的支持，天才儿童可能会发展不良或出现问题行为。由此建议：加强超常儿童教育的政策和组织保障；采取多指标和多途径、静态与动态相结合的选拔方式；因地制宜地选取超常教育模式，加强个性化教育；加强超常教育师资培养；开展前瞻性纵向研究，建设超常儿童发展数据库；开展超常儿童选拔和教育效果评估的实证研究；加强超常儿童发展特点和特殊需要的科普宣传。

The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that “we will continue efforts to cultivate talent for the Party and the country and comprehensively improve our ability to nurture talent at home. All this will see us producing first-class innovators”. Supernormal children are an important source of top-notch innovative talents and national strategic human resources, and are the main reserve force for the cultivation of top -notch innovative talents. Enhancing and optimizing the development of the education of supernormal children in the new era is the key link for China to realize the independent cultivation of talents, to cultivate a quality workforce, and to solve scientific and technological “bottleneck” problems. Reviewing the basic and applied research of the Institute of Psychology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the past 40 years on the characteristics and mechanism of psychological development of supernormal children, assessment and selection, education model and evaluation of the effect of supernormal education, it was found that, China’s collaborative group on research on supernormal children has conducted a series of longitudinal research and educational practices on the development of gifted children, and the results are consistent with the longitudinal research initiated by American psychologists since 1972. Specifically, high potential in the early stage of children’s development can significantly predict their future outstanding creative achievements, professional leadership, life satisfaction, etc. The cognitive advantages of supernormal children are mainly manifested in high-difficulty and challenging tasks, especially those requiring more creative thinking. The cognitive ability of supernormal children developed better under the supernormal education system than under the general education system, and the negative emotions (anxiety, depression and loneliness) of supernormal children in the enriched education model were comparable to those of supernormal children and normal children in general education, and the developmental patterns are similar. The set of cognitive, non -intellectual and creativity assessment tools for the identification of supernormal children based on the basic research, and the exploration of the accelerated, enriched, skipped-grade, flexible and other modes of supernormal education in China, have achieved good results. Based on previous research, the following conclusions have been drawn. Early identification and cultivation of supernormal children is not only necessary but also feasible. Gifted children have the possibility to develop into top-notch innovative talents, while appropriate education and environment are important conditions for realizing this possibility; on the contrary, if gifted children are not provided with appropriate support, they may develop poorly or have problematic behaviors. Suggestions are as follows. Strengthen the policy and organizational guarantee for the education of supernormal children. Adopt a selection method that combines multiple indicators and multiple paths, static and dynamic. Select the mode of supernormal education according to local conditions and strengthen personalized education. Strengthen the cultivation of teachers for supernormal education. Carry out forward-looking longitudinal research and build a database on the development of supernormal children. Carry out empirical research on the selection of supernormal children and the evaluation of the effect of education. Strengthen the publicity for the developmental characteristics and special needs of supernormal children.

科技部国家重点研发计划专项课题“超常儿童发现与鉴别的多元评估模型”（编号：2023YFC3341301）